Multidimensional chromatography(多维色谱)

List of Contributors xi Preface xiii PART 1: GENERAL 1 1 Introduction 3 K.D. Bartle 1.1 Preamble 3 1.2 Packed Capillary Column and Unified Chromatography 4 1.3 Resolving Power of Chromatographic Systems 6 1.4 Two-Dimensional Separations 9 1.5 The Origins of Multidimensional Chromatography 12 Acknowledgements 13 References 13 2 Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography with High Resolution Gas Chromatography 17 L. Mondello 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Transfer Techniques 18 2.3 Vaporization with Hot Injectors 25 2.4 Transfer of Water-Containing Solvent Mixtures 28 2.5 Indirect Introduction of Water 31 2.6 Conclusions 38 References 42 3 Multidimensional High Resolution Gas Chromatography 47 A. C. Lewis 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Practical Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 48 3.3 Practical Examples of Two-Dimensional Chromatography 57 3.4 Conclusions 72 References 72 4 Orthogonal GC–GC 77 P. J. Marriott 4.1 Introduction to Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 77 4.2 Introduction to GC  GC Separation 80 4.3 Introduction to Modulation Technology 82 4.4 Orthogonality of Analysis 94 4.5 Quantitative Aspects 101 4.6 Future Opportunities and Challenges of GC  GC Technology 104 Acknowledgements 106 References 106 5 Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography 109 Claudio Corradini 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Theoretical Aspects 111 5.3 LC–LC Techniques 116 5.4 Conclusions 129 References 130 6 Supercritical Fluid Techniques Coupled with Chromatographic Techniques 135 F. M. Lanças 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 On-Line Coupling of SFE with Chromatographic Techniques 138 6.3 SFE–GC 138 6.4 SPE–SFE–GC 139 6.5 SFE–SFC 141 6.6 SFE–LC 141 6.7 On-Line Coupling of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Capillary Electrodriven Separation Techniques (SFE–CESTs) 143 6.8 From Multidimensional to Unified Chromatography Passing through Supercritical Fluids 147 References 147 7 Unified Chromatography: Concepts and Considerations for Multidimensional Chromatography 151 T.L. Chester 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 The Phase Diagram View of Chromatography 153 7.3 Instrumentation 159 7.4 Advantages of and Challenges for Unified Chromatography Techniques in Multidimensional Systems 162 7.5 Column Efficiency and Plate Heights in Unified Chromatography 164 References 167 8 Multidimensional Planar Chromatography 171 Sz. Nyiredy 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Two-Dimensional or Multidimensional Planar Chromatography? 172 8.3 Two-Dimensional Development on Single Layers 173 8.4 Methods for the Selection of Appropriate Mobile Phases 175 8.5 Two-Dimensional Development on Bilayers 176 8.6 Multiple Development in One, Two or Three Dimensions 177 8.7 Multiple Development in One Direction 178 8.8 Multiple Development in Two Dimensions 182 8.9 Multiple Development in Three Dimensions 184 8.10 Coupled Layers with Stationary Phases of Decreasing Polarity 186 8.11 Grafted Planar Chromatography 186 8.12 Serially Connected Multilayer Forced-Flow Planar Chromatography 188 8.13 Combination of Multidimensional Planar Chromatographic Methods 191 8.14 Coupling of Planar Chromatography with other Chromatographic Techniques 193 8.15 Further Considerations 193 References 194 9 Multidimensional Electrodriven Separations 197 Martha M. Degen and Vincent T. Remcho 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Electrophoretic Separations 197 9.3 Comprehensive Separations 199 9.4 Planar Two-Dimensional Separations 200 9.5 Chromatography and Electrophoresis Combined in Non-Comprehensive Manners 201 9.6 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Separations with an Electrodriven Component 203 9.7 Microcolumn Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 204 9.8 Microcolumn Size Exclusion Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 206 9.9 Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 207 9.10 Packed Capillary Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Fast Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 208 9.11 Three-Dimensional Size Exclusion Chromatography – Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography– Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 209 9.12 Transparent Flow Grating Interface with Packed Capillary High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 210 9.13 Online Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography– Capillary Zone Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry 211 9.14 The Future of Multidimensional Electrokinetic Separations 212 9.15 Conclusions 213 References 213 PART 2: APPLICATIONS 215 10 Multidimensional Chromatography: Foods, Flavours and Fragrances Applications 217 G. Dugo, P. Dugo and L. Mondello 10.1 Introduction 217 10.2 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (GC–GC or MDGC) 218 10.3 Multidimensional High Performance Liquid Chromatography 231 10.4 Multidimensional Chromatography using On-Line Coupled High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary (High Resolution) Gas Chromatography (HPLC–HRGC) 235 10.5 Multidimensional Chromatographic Methods which Involve the Use of Supercritical Fluids 241 10.6 Multidimensional Planar Chromatography 242 References 245 11 Multidimensional Chromatography: Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 251 G. W. Somsen and G. J. de Jong 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Liquid Chromatography–Liquid Chromatography 252 11.3 Solid-Phase Extraction–Liquid Chromatography 265 11.4 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 273 11.5 Solid-Phase Extraction–Gas Chromatography 278 11.6 Solid-Phase Microextractions Coupled with Gas or Liquid Chromatography 280 11.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 284 11.8 Coupled Systems Involving Capillary Electrophoresis 285 11.9 Conclusions 290 References 291 12 Industrial and Polymer Applications 303 Y. V. Kazakevich and R. LoBrutto 12.1 Introduction 303 12.2 General 304 12.3 LC–GC 304 12.4 LC–GC Applications 305 12.5 SEC–GC Applications 306 12.6 SEC–Reversed Phase LC Applications 315 12.7 GC–GC Applications 317 12.8 SFC–GC and Normal Phase-LC–SFC Applications 324 12.9 Normal Phase-LC–SFC Applications 324 12.10 SFC–GC Applications 325 12.11 SFC–SFC Applications 328 12.12 Conclusions 330 References 331 13 Multidimensional Chromatography in Environmental Analysis 335 R. M. Marcé 13.1 Introduction 335 13.2 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 336 13.3 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography 341 13.4 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 358 13.5 Conclusions and Trends 370 Acknowledgements 370 References 370 14 Multidimensional Chromatographic Applications in the Oil Industry 379 J. Beens 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Gases 381 14.3 Gasolines and Naphthas 387 14.4 Middle Distillates 392 14.5 Residue-Containing Products 401 Acknowledgements 403 References 403 15 Multidimensional Chromatography: Forensic and Toxicological Applications 407 15.1 Introduction 407 15.2 Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 408 15.3 Liquid Chromatography–Liquid Chromatography 410 15.4 Gas Chromatography–Gas Chromatography 414 15.5 On-Line Sample Preparation 427 15.6 Conclusions 429 Acknowledgements 429 References 429 Index 433 Contents ix