采前亏缺灌溉与氮肥减量配施对油桃采后病害及修剪质量的影响

EFFECTS OF PREHARVEST DEFICIT IRRIGATION TREATMENTS IN COMBINATION WITH REDUCED NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON ORCHARD PERFORMANCE OF NECTARINE WITH EMPHASIS ON POSTHARVEST DISEASES AND PRUNING WEIGHTS

采前亏缺灌溉与氮肥减量配施对油桃采后病害及修剪质量的影响

Ersin Atay^1,3, Bruno Hucbourg², Aurore Drevet², Pierre-Éric Lauri^3
1Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Food Agriculture and Livestock School, Department of Crop and Livestock Production, Horticulture Programme, Burdur, Turkey
²GRCETA de Basse Durance, Extension service, Route de Molleges, 13210, St Remy de Provence, France
³SYSTEM, Univ Montpellier, INRA, Cirad, Montpellier SupAgro, CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier, France

ABSTRACT
Fruit production should be adapted to future scenarios that are frequently associated with scarce resources, especially freshwater and fertilizers. New biologically-based fruit production strategies, i.e. taking into ac-count tree growth and water status, are required to optimize irrigation and fertilization under abiotic stress conditions. It was hypothesized that a moderate abiotic stress, here deficit irrigation with or without nitro-gen deficit, in the preharvest period, could decrease postharvest losses due to diseases and pruning weights due to reduced vegetative growth, without sacrificing the yield and fruit quality. This study was conducted over two years using the same trees of ‘Moncante’ nectarine cultivar grown in a commercial orchard. Trees were assigned to three treatments: (1) full irrigation at 80% estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc), (2) deficit irrigation, i.e. at 75% of full irrigation, and (3) deficit irrigation and deficit nitrogen, i.e. at 75% of full irrigation and 75% of usual N-fertilization adopted by the grower in this commercial orchard. Deficit ir-rigation alone and in combination with deficit nitrogen reduced postharvest diseases and pruning weights without significant yield losses. Our results suggest that ETc-based approaches of reduced water irrigation may be a sustainable way to decrease phytosanitary inputs and workload in the orchard while maintaining the orchard performance.

水果生产应适应未来经常与稀缺资源，特别是淡水和肥料有关的情况。在非生物胁迫条件下，为了优化灌溉和施肥，需要新的以生物为基础的水果生产策略，即考虑ac计数树的生长和水分状况。据推测，在采前时期，适度的非生物胁迫，无论是否存在氮源亏缺，都可以在不牺牲产量和果实质量的前提下，减少因病害和因营养生长减少而修剪重量造成的采后损失。这项研究是用在一个商业果园中种植的‘Moncante’油桃品种的同一棵树进行的，历时两年。乔木被分为三个处理：（1）以80%的估计作物蒸散量（ETc）进行充分灌溉；（2）以75%的充分灌溉进行亏缺灌溉；（3）以75%的充分灌溉和75%的常规施肥进行亏缺灌溉和亏缺施氮。单施亏缺灌溉和联合施亏缺氮降低了采后病害和修剪重量，但没有显著的产量损失。我们的结果表明，基于ETc的节水灌溉方法可能是一种在保持果园性能的同时减少果园植物检疫投入和工作量的可持续方法。

Key words: climate change, drought, fruit shelf-life, Monilinia sp., picking time, tree water status

关键词：气候变化、干旱、果实货架期、Monilinia sp.、采摘时间、树木水分状况