近日,一个词儿火了:“水中PM2.5”?!
section style=" font-family: 微软雅黑 font-size: 16px " label=" Powered by 135editor.com" data-role=" outer" section style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 近日,一个词儿火了:“水中PM2.5”。这是个啥呢? /span /p section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" text-align: center font-size: 38.4px box-sizing: border-box " section style=" background-position: 50% 50% margin: auto width: 3em height: 3em 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原来,清华大学对全国饮用水系统中亚硝胺类消毒副产物进行普查发现,中国是世界上亚硝胺检出情况最多样的国家,其中亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)的浓度最高。 /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " 而流行病学研究表明,亚硝胺与消化道癌症密切相关,它也被认为“像极了当年空气污染中被忽视的PM2.5。” /span br/ span style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " 究竟怎么回事? /span /p /section /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" white-space: normal " & nbsp span style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) line-height: 24px font-size: 15px " strong strong style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 16px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) font-size: 15px " 全国23省44城检出“水中PM2.5” /span /strong /strong /strong /span /p p style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal " img style=" width: auto !important line-height: 25.6px visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9wbmcvODg0WHNIR0hpYlA2Sm9PUUFQQklxMmlhVkdsaWFTazdSRjdMbm1DMkk5S3gxMU5NdTdhVkVmaWNPUjJpY3JNR1hvUTVRMkMwWERMTzdYTTZKeTB0T0dnWkJudy82NDA/d3hfZm10PXBuZw==" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 565" data-ratio=" 0.23008849557522124" data-type=" png" / & nbsp /p section style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" line-height: 25.6px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 清华大学环境学院国家环境模拟与污染控制重点实验室陈超副研究员所在课题组从全国23个省、44个大中小城市和城镇、共155个点位采集了164个水样,包括出厂水、用户龙头水和水源水。研究中测试了当前已知的全部9种亚硝胺类消毒副产物,其中NDMA(亚硝基二甲胺)的浓度最高。 /span /p /section /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" text-align: center color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal " img style=" width: auto !important visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9naWYvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4cVluS0pmYWVjRjBpYmZ3WGliMVRreDdpYnNkTGRMb0xXTlBMZGR6Mm9VY3NwbHB6MVFEZzVncUVnLzA/d3hfZm10PWdpZg==" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 400" data-ratio=" 0.75" data-type=" gif" / /p p style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " strong 陈超表示,其课题组今年的一项重点研究工作就是关于全国饮用水系统中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的普查。 /strong 目前,该结果已于日前在市政和环境领域顶尖期刊《水研究》上发表,“饮用水中的亚硝胺问题有紧迫性,需要尽快研究和进行工程改造!”陈超呼吁。 /span /p section style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-family: & quot Helvetica Neue& quot , Helvetica, & quot Hiragino Sans GB& quot , & quot Microsoft YaHei& quot , Arial, sans-serif white-space: normal box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " span style=" font-size: 15px " strong span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) " span style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) line-height: 24px " strong strong style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) " 饮用水亚硝胺检出率是美国的3.6倍 /span /strong /strong /strong /span /span /strong /span /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 在过去三年中,陈超及其团队分别测试了44个城市供水系统中的亚硝胺类消毒副产物及其前体物。在已检测的全部水样中,出厂水和龙头水中的NDMA平均浓度分别为11ng/L和13ng/L,水源水中的NDMA生成潜能平均为66ng/L。 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 他表示,与美国环保局在2012年公开的一项大规模普查数据相比,亚硝胺在中国出厂水和龙头水中的检出率是美国的3.6倍。而西欧国家的饮用水亚硝胺浓度比美国还低。 /span /p section style=" line-height: 25.6px box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) font-size: 15px " 且人口密、污染重的区域风险更高: /span 在课题组检测的长江三角洲地区的近10个供水系统中,出厂水和龙头水中的NDMA平均浓度分别为27ng/L和28.5ng/L,水源水中的NDMA生成潜能为204ng/L。 /p /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" white-space: normal " & nbsp /p p style=" text-align: center white-space: normal " img style=" width: auto !important visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9naWYvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4STBUSHk2cjNmR2I0elNVOEtpYnNGZEFIdk9xenhEeFZOd3FLNE1Ea0lWVXpqc09tT0VFcmJndy8wP3d4X2ZtdD1naWY=" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 450" data-ratio=" 0.3422222222222222" data-type=" gif" / /p p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 陈超表示,在已经鉴别出的700多种消毒副产物中, span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " strong 亚硝胺是健康风险最大的消毒副产物类别之一,特别是NDMA。 /strong /span /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " /span /span span style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) line-height: 24px font-size: 15px " strong strong style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px white-space: pre-wrap " 中国尚无饮用水亚硝胺水质标准 /strong /span /strong /strong /strong /span /p /section /section /section section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 事实上,世界卫生组织早在2008年就提出了饮水中NDMA为100ng/L的推荐值,加拿大、澳大利亚都有国家标准,分别是40ng/L、100ng/L;美国麻省和加州的标准更严,都是10ng/L。但中国迄今没有饮用水亚硝胺水质标准。 /span /p /section /section /section section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 陈超表示:“不难看出,我们的饮用水中亚硝胺检出情况比这些地方都严重……但是我国饮用水水质标准中还没有这一个项目。” /span /p /section /section section style=" border: 0px currentColor box-sizing: border-box " data-custom=" rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-color=" rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-id=" 1" data-tools=" 135编辑器" section style=" padding: 5px 10px color: rgb(102, 102, 102) line-height: 32px font-weight: bold margin-top: 10px margin-bottom: 10px border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16) border-left-width: 5px border-left-style: solid box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(192, 0, 0) line-height: 24px text-indent: 32px font-size: 14px " em style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) font-size: 15px " strong & nbsp 若将亚硝胺纳入标准,监测是否困难? /strong /em /span /p /section /section blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 一旦将亚硝胺纳入标准,那么,进行大范围的检测是否会有困难? /span /p section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 陈超表示,亚硝胺监测是有一定困难, strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " 要测试水中ng/L量级的微量亚硝胺,需要使用气相色谱或者液相色谱再加上串联质谱,监测设备两三百万一台,每个水样的测试成本也较高。 /span /strong 不过他也表示国内已有十几家自来水公司有该设备,还需要进一步开发检测方法。清华大学等少数高校和科研院所已经建立了亚硝胺的检测能力,目前大型自来水公司的水质是有保障的。 /span /p /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /blockquote section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" border: 0px currentColor box-sizing: border-box " data-custom=" rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-color=" rgb(172, 29, 16)" data-id=" 1" data-tools=" 135编辑器" section style=" padding: 5px 10px color: rgb(102, 102, 102) line-height: 32px font-weight: bold margin-top: 10px margin-bottom: 10px border-left-color: rgb(172, 29, 16) border-left-width: 5px border-left-style: solid box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " 将亚硝胺纳入标准,过于超前? /strong /p /section /section section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 然而, strong 在众多学者看来,对饮用水中的亚硝胺制定标准是一个“过于超前”的目标。将一项指标纳入水质标准,需要有足够的毒理学数据和充分的科研成果。 /strong /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " “我们的水质标准是需要不断修改,如果这一类消毒副产物,已升级到比较重要的地位,那就要立标准。如果没有纳入,说明现在可能威胁还不大,或证据不充分。”清华大学环境学院教授王占生说到。王占生是水质标准领域的权威,他曾为提高水标准奔走多年。 /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 清华大学环境学院教授余刚则建议,“从科学角度来说,所有的消毒副产物都应该有标准,但并不是全国都要采用,而应该重点设立在水污染严重的地区。” /span /p /blockquote /section /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " 从防患于未然的角度讲, /span span style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " 对于水中“PM2.5”,要过滤但也不必过虑。对有关方面来说,有步骤地试行将亚硝胺纳入水质检测,并将试行面逐渐铺开,也宜尽早付诸推行。 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em white-space: normal " span style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " /span span style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) line-height: 24px font-size: 14px " strong strong style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(2, 30, 170) line-height: 24px font-size: 14px white-space: pre-wrap " strong style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px " strong style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(62, 62, 62) line-height: 25.6px font-size: 15px white-space: pre-wrap " 饮用水安全检测整理解决方案 /span /strong /strong /span /strong /strong /strong /span /p /section /section /section section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box 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data-ratio=" 0.06514994829369183" data-type=" png" data-s=" 300,640" / span style=" line-height: 1.6 font-size: 15px " /span /p section style=" border: 0px currentColor box-sizing: border-box " data-id=" 23" data-tools=" 135编辑器" section style=" background-position: 1% 5px padding: 15px 20px 15px 45px outline: 0px border: 0px currentColor line-height: 22.39px font-size: 14px margin-top: 10px margin-bottom: 10px vertical-align: baseline box-sizing: border-box background-image: url(& quot http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cDovL21tYml6LnFwaWMuY24vbW1iaXpfanBnLzlvSUxld0NHenFvb3Z1anlxNk1mWGlick15MGdjM1p3eE1HcXBLSFYzeXFhMmVYYzdWT0JQcUVCbUNPTkltQTlNSGljS0JSMmliOWFPMUJGaEp4bjkyZERBLzA/d3hfZm10PWpwZWc=& quot ) background-repeat: no-repeat background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241) " p style=" line-height: 25.6px font-size: medium white-space: normal " span style=" line-height: 1.6 font-size: 15px " 饮用水水质应符合下列要求,以保证饮用安全:不得含有病原微生物,饮用水中化学物质不得危害人体健康,饮用水中放射性物质不得危害人体健康,饮用水的感官性状良好,生活饮用水应经消毒处理且消毒剂的余量应符合相关国家标准要求。饮用水中的污染物质一般分为以下几类: /span /p /section /section p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 1. 微生物污染: /span /strong /span span style=" font-size: 15px " 由于大量生产和生活废弃物未经处理排入各种水体,使得水中的菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌超标,引发肠道疾病。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 2. 消毒副产物污染: /span /strong /span span style=" font-size: 15px " 饮用水常用的消毒技术如氯化消毒,许多氯化副产物在动物实验中证明具有致突变性和(或)致癌性,有的还有致畸性和(或)神经毒副作用。譬如三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷和三溴甲烷均对实验动物有致癌性,可引起甲肝、肾和肠道肿瘤。卤代乙酸类中的二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、二溴乙酸等也能诱发小鼠肝肿瘤。其它消毒技术如二氧化氯消毒会产生亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐等副产物。臭氧消毒可能会产生溴酸盐、甲醛等副产物。这些副产物也会对健康产生危害。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) " strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 3. 无机污染物: /span /strong /span span style=" font-size: 15px " 由于水体受工业废水、废气、废渣等的化学污染,水中的重金属元素如铅、汞、铬、镉以及氰化物、氟化物、砷化物、亚硝酸盐等无机物会超标,这些无机污染物会引起人中毒、患病,如骨痛病、水俣病等。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 4. 有机物污染物: /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 有机污染物如水中含有农药、除草剂、合成洗涤剂、有机溶剂以及其它的有机物。这些有机物大多数与人的肿瘤有关,严重威胁着人们的健康。 /span /p blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 不同类型的饮用水检测的重点项目也有所差异,通常需要检测的项目为: /span /strong /p /blockquote table style=" width: 648px " cellspacing=" 0" cellpadding=" 0" width=" 670" tbody style=" box-sizing: border-box " tr style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" firstRow" td style=" color: rgb(34, 66, 150) padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px font-weight: bold border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-left-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px border-left-width: 2px box-sizing: border-box " height=" 35" width=" 21" span style=" font-size: 15px " 类型 /span /td td style=" color: rgb(34, 66, 150) padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px font-weight: bold border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px box-sizing: border-box " height=" 35" width=" 491" span style=" font-size: 15px " 检测项目 /span /td /tr tr style=" box-sizing: border-box " td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " width=" 4" span style=" font-size: 15px " 二次供水 /span /td td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " height=" 85" valign=" middle" width=" 490" span style=" font-size: 15px " (1) 必测项目:色度、pH、浑浊度、臭和味、肉眼可见物、硫酸盐、氯化物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、挥发酚类、耗氧量、总硬度、铁、锰、铜、铅、菌落总数、总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌。 br/ (2) 选测项目:必要时可以根据水箱类型、消毒方式等因素加测相关检验项目及消毒副产物。 /span /td /tr tr style=" box-sizing: border-box " td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " width=" 4" span style=" font-size: 15px " 饮用天然矿泉水 /span /td td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " height=" 85" valign=" middle" width=" 490" span style=" font-size: 15px " (1)界限指标:锂、锶、锌、碘化物、偏硅酸、硒、游离二氯化碳、溶解性总固体 br/ (2)必测项目:色度、浑浊度、臭和味、可见物、硒、锑、砷、铜、钡、镉、铬、铅、汞、锰、镍、银、溴酸盐、硼酸盐、硝酸盐、氟化物、耗氧量、226镭放射性、挥发酚、氰化物、阴离子合成洗涤剂、矿物油、亚硝酸盐、总β放射性、大肠菌群、粪链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、产气荚膜梭菌 /span /td /tr tr style=" box-sizing: border-box " td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " width=" 4" span style=" font-size: 15px " 地下水监测 /span /td td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " height=" 85" valign=" middle" width=" 490" span style=" font-size: 15px " 色度、浑浊度、臭和味、肉眼可见物、pH、总硬度、溶解性总固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、铁、锰、铜、锌、钼、钴、挥发酚类(以苯酚计)、阴离子合成洗涤剂、高锰酸钾指数、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨氮、氟化物、碘化物、氰化物、汞、砷、硒、镉、铬(六价)、铅、铍、钡、镍、滴滴涕、六六六、总大肠菌群、细菌总数、总α放射性、总β放射性 /span /td /tr tr style=" box-sizing: border-box " td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-bottom-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-right-width: 2px border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " width=" 4" span style=" font-size: 15px " 包装饮用水 /span /td td style=" padding-top: 0px padding-right: 0px padding-bottom: 0px border-top-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-bottom-color: rgb(100, 192, 236) border-top-style: dotted box-sizing: border-box " height=" 85" valign=" middle" width=" 490" span style=" font-size: 15px " 色度、浑浊度、状态、滋味、气味、余氯、四氯化碳、三氯甲烷、耗氧量、溴酸盐、挥发性酚(以苯酚计)、氰化物(以CN-计)、阴离子合成洗涤剂、总α放射性、总β放射性、大肠菌群、铜绿假单胞菌、铅、镉、汞、砷、锡、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐 /span /td /tr /tbody /table h4 style=" line-height: 19px font-size: 16px font-weight: bold " img style=" width: 536px !important text-align: justify line-height: 25.6px white-space: pre-wrap visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9wbmcvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4NWxaWGlheXBnOFlCUVl1MzYyMmgzY3hMWW9hRWpkN3hxQnFnbDRuWE1LZHJKdUNuRWF0OTRGdy82NDA/d3hfZm10PXBuZw==" _width=" 536px" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 966" data-ratio=" 0.07349896480331262" data-type=" png" data-s=" 300,640" / label style=" box-sizing: border-box " modelid=" 4" /label /h4 p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 不同水质检测指标和限量要求不同,下边将主要对饮用水及饮用矿泉水的水质进行介绍: /span /p section style=" box-sizing: border-box " section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" section style=" text-align: center font-size: 41.6px margin-top: 10px margin-bottom: 10px box-sizing: border-box " section style=" vertical-align: top display: inline-block box-sizing: border-box " section style=" border: 4px solid rgb(160, 160, 160) width: 3.8em height: 3.8em box-sizing: border-box " /section section style=" background-position: 50% 50% width: 3.8em height: 3.8em margin-top: -3.5em margin-left: -0.3em box-sizing: border-box box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px rgb(170,170,170) background-image: url(& quot http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cDovL21tYml6LnFwaWMuY24vbW1iaXpfcG5nLzlvSUxld0NHenFvb3Z1anlxNk1mWGlick15MGdjM1p3eFNmemVUOU1aZWpocVhPTmRremZVS0I4RzdsTXVaSWxGNEdSNEZpYmpSRmtCVkY5eFJpYXlsV2xBLzA/d3hfZm10PXBuZw==& quot ) background-repeat: no-repeat background-size: cover " section style=" width: 158.07px height: 158.07px overflow: hidden box-sizing: border-box " img style=" width: 158.07px visibility: visible !important opacity: 0 " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9wbmcvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4U2Z6ZVQ5TVplamhxWE9OZGt6ZlVLQjhHN2xNdVpJbEY0R1I0RmlialJGa0JWRjl4UmlheWxXbEEvNjQwP3d4X2ZtdD1wbmc=" _width=" 100%" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 280" data-ratio=" 1" data-type=" png" / /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" text-align: center white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(136, 136, 136) font-size: 15px " 长按并识别二维码查看 /span /p p style=" text-align: center white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 《饮用水水质检测指标及限量要求》 /span /p p style=" text-align: center white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 《饮用的天然矿泉水检测指标及限量要求》 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 此外,《GB/T 14848-93 地下水质量标准》规定了地下水的39项水质指标 《GB 19298-2014包装饮用水》对于直接饮用的包装饮用水的4项感观要求及12项理化指标做了规定 国外对水质也有相应的规定,如欧盟1998年底颁布实施饮用水水质新指令98/83/EC。 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 最新指令指标参数48项(瓶装或桶装饮用水为50项)。 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 其中感官和一般化学指标15项,无机物指标15项,有机物指标7项,农药指标2项,消毒剂及其副产物2项,微生物指标2项,放射性指标2项。 /span /p p style=" text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 欧盟饮水水质指令的主要特点是指标少,但很严格。另外,欧盟建立了一些综合性指标如农药,农药的品种很多、且每年都会有增加。& nbsp /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " img style=" width: 556px !important text-align: justify line-height: 25.6px font-size: 16px visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9wbmcvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4aWFaVDlEeDlOWnFHOTNkZFRSaDVsaWJwVHkzZm1IaEZyRzZ2STlYTWh3RjdEejF0YkJMMTBaeUEvNjQwP3d4X2ZtdD1wbmc=" _width=" 556px" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 964" data-ratio=" 0.07676348547717843" data-type=" png" data-s=" 300,640" / & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp & nbsp /span /p blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 检测标准: /span /strong /p /blockquote p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " GB/T 8538-2008 饮用天然矿泉水检验方法 /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " GB/T 5750 系列标准 生活饮用水标准检验方法 /span /p p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " 98/83/EC 《欧盟饮用水水质指令》 /span /p blockquote style=" box-sizing: border-box " p style=" white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 检测方法: /span /strong /p /blockquote section style=" border: 0px currentColor box-sizing: border-box " data-id=" 23" data-tools=" 135编辑器" section style=" background-position: 1% 5px padding: 15px 20px 15px 45px outline: 0px border: 0px currentColor line-height: 22.39px font-size: 14px margin-top: 10px margin-bottom: 10px vertical-align: baseline box-sizing: border-box background-image: url(& quot http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cDovL21tYml6LnFwaWMuY24vbW1iaXpfanBnLzlvSUxld0NHenFvb3Z1anlxNk1mWGlick15MGdjM1p3eE1HcXBLSFYzeXFhMmVYYzdWT0JQcUVCbUNPTkltQTlNSGljS0JSMmliOWFPMUJGaEp4bjkyZERBLzA/d3hfZm10PWpwZWc=& quot ) background-repeat: no-repeat background-color: rgb(241, 241, 241) " p style=" white-space: normal " span style=" color: rgb(55, 55, 55) line-height: 24px font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai " strong style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) line-height: 26px font-family: 微软雅黑 background-color: rgb(239, 239, 239) " span style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 24px font-family: 楷体, 楷体_GB2312, SimKai overflow-wrap: break-word " /span /strong /span span style=" line-height: 24px font-size: 15px " 水质检测常用的检测方法有比色法、滴定法、蒸馏比色法、称量法、气相色谱法、离子色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、原子荧光法、ICP(电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪)法、ICP-MS法: /span /p /section /section p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 比色法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 是通过比较或测量有色物质溶液颜色深度来确定待测组分含量的方法,常用比色法测定的指标有阴离子合成洗涤剂、硝酸盐、硫化物、磷酸盐、硼、氨氮、碘化物、甲醛。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 滴定法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 是根据指示剂的颜色变化指示滴定终点,然后目测标准溶液消耗体积,计算分析结果,用滴定法测定的项目有总硬度、耗氧量、氯消毒剂残留量。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 蒸馏比色法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 是先将水样中的挥发类化合物蒸馏,使其进入到吸收液中,再对吸收液进行比色测定,测定的项目有挥发酚类、氰化物。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 称量法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 用于测定水中的溶解性总固体,是将水样蒸干称量蒸干后残余物质的质量。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 离子色谱法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 测定的检测项目有:硫酸根离子、氯化物、氟化物、硝酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴离子。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 离子选择电极法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 测定的项目有离子氟化物。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 原子荧光法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 测定的项目有:砷、汞、锡、硒、锑等元素。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " ICP法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 一般是测定矿物质元素,如钾、钙、钠、镁、锌、铁、铜、锰、锶、锂等。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " ICP-MS法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 常测定重金属类元素,如铅、铬、镉、镍、锑等。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 气相色谱法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 测定的检测项目有:碘化物、卤代烃、苯系物类的挥发性有机化合物、农药等半挥发的有机化合物、乙醛、丙烯醛、三氯乙醛、二氯乙酸等消毒副产物等。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " strong span style=" color: rgb(171, 25, 66) font-size: 15px " 液相色谱串联质谱法 /span /strong span style=" font-size: 15px " 多用于测定水中的农药多残留。 /span /p p style=" margin-bottom: 10px white-space: normal " span style=" font-size: 15px " img style=" width: auto !important visibility: visible !important " src=" http://image2.135editor.com/cache/remote/aHR0cHM6Ly9tbWJpei5xbG9nby5jbi9tbWJpel9wbmcvOW9JTGV3Q0d6cW9vdnVqeXE2TWZYaWJyTXkwZ2MzWnd4azljQXpTcGliaWNHbThtWGNnMHZKRTZxRUZkUG9WNjk5aWNicnNRbTJ6RUV1bUk2T0lKTmlhemlhancvNjQwP3d4X2ZtdD1wbmc=" data-fail=" 0" data-w=" 957" data-ratio=" 0.07001044932079414" data-type=" png" data-s=" 300,640" / br/ /span span style=" line-height: 1.6 font-size: 15px " 气相色谱串联质谱、液相色谱、离子色谱仪、液相色谱串联质谱、气相色谱、紫外分光光度计、流动注射仪、ICP-MS、ICP-OES、原子荧光分光光度计、原子吸收分光光度计、低本底αβ测定仪、红外测油仪、镭放射性检测仪、液体闪烁仪等。 /span /p /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section /section p style=" white-space: normal " & nbsp /p p style=" text-align: right white-space: normal " span style=" line-height: 1.6 font-size: 15px " 小仪吗整理 /span br/ /p section style=" box-sizing: border-box " class=" _135editor" data-role=" paragraph" p style=" white-space: normal " br/ /p /section /section p /p