中率谐第旋转器

2008年12月24日，欧盟委员会发布决议草案，免除在光纤通讯系统稀土铁石榴石法拉第旋转器中作为杂质的铅的应用。该免除将继续到2009年12月31日为止。

近日，来自中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所、先进激光技术安徽省实验室、中国科学技术大学、法国滨海大学大气物理化学实验室联合研究团队发表了《基于钕铁硼环形磁体阵列的双中红外波长法拉第旋转光谱NOx传感器》论文。Recently, the joint research team from Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l′ Atmosph`ere, Universit´ e du Littoral C&circ ote d′ Opale, published an academic papers Dual mid-infrared wavelength Faraday rotation spectroscopy NOx sensor based on NdFeB ring magnet array.氮氧化物（NOx，包括二氧化氮（NO2）和一氧化氮（NO））是对流层臭氧的重要前体，同时也影响羟基和过氧基自由基的浓度。大多数气态化合物在被氧化和从空气中去除或转化成其他化学物质时，都会直接或间接接触到NOx。在典型的羟基自由基水平下，NOx的寿命取决于季节和光化学反应速率，通常为几小时。根据IPCC第六次评估报告，NOx的排放导致净正向变暖，因为它既形成短期臭氧（变暖），又破坏环境甲烷（冷却）。此外，NOx还导致酸沉降以及化学烟雾和气溶胶的形成。NO和NO2在大气光化学反应中起着核心作用，针对它们的检测有助于理解这两种气体的来源和去向，以及研究陆地生态系统与大气之间的NOx交换通量。Nitrogen oxides (NOx, the sum of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO)) are important precursors of tropospheric ozone, and they also influence the concentration of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Most ofthe compounds that are oxidized and removed from the air or converted to other chemical species are in direct or indirect contact with NOx. At typical hydroxyl radical levels, the life time of NOx depends on the season and the photochemical reaction rate, which is typically a few hours. According to the IPCC sixth assessment report, the emissions of NOx result in net-positive warming from the formation of short-term ozone (warming) and the destruction of ambient methane (cooling). Additionally, NOx contributes to acid deposition and the formation of chemical smog and aerosols. Since NO and NO2 play a central role in atmospheric photochemical reactions, their simultaneous detection helps to understand the sources and sinks of these two gases, in addition to studying the NOx exchange fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere.化学发光检测（NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 + hν）是测量NOx的传统方法。在通过化学发光反应（Mo + 3NO2 → MoO3 + 3NO）测量之前，NO2首先需要在高温（~325°C）下转化为NO。虽然这种方法被广泛使用，但其他氧化氮化合物，如过乙酰亚硝酸酯（PAN）和硝酸（HNO3），可能会在测量NOx浓度时引起交叉干扰。同时，这种方法不能区分NO和NO2。红外吸收法也可用于测量NO和NO2。在这种方法中，通常需要通过转化器将NO2还原为NO。由于NO和NO2是顺磁分子，法拉第旋转光谱（FRS）可以用作实现其高度敏感和选择性检测的潜在方法。FRS通过检测气态介质在纵向磁场中引起的光偏振状态的变化，实现对物种浓度的高灵敏度检测。该方法通过测量光学色散实现气体浓度的检测，因此其动态测量范围比基于比尔-兰伯定律的吸收光谱（动态范围上限≤10%）更大。FRS的另一个重要优势是它对于抗磁性分子（如水和二氧化碳）具有较强的抗干扰能力，从而使其具有高样品特异性。Chemiluminescence detection (NO+O3→NO2+O2+hν) is the conventional method for measuring NOx. NO2 first needs to be converted to NO at high temperature (~325 ◦ C) before it can be measured by chemiluminescence reaction (Mo+3NO2→MoO3+3NO). Although this method is more widely used, other oxidized nitrogen compounds, such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and nitric acid (HNO3), can cause cross-interference in the measurement of NOx concentrations. Simultaneously, this method is non-selective in discriminating between NO and NO2. The infrared absorption method can also be used for NO and NO2 measurements. In this method, NO2 usually needs to be reduced to NO by the converter. As NO and NO2 are paramagnetic molecules, Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) can be used as a potential method to achieve their highly sensitive and selective detection. FRS enables highly sensitive detection of species concentrations by detecting changes in the polarization state of light induced by a gaseous medium immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field. This method realizes the detection of gas concentration by measuring optical dispersion, so it has a higher dynamic measurement range than absorption spectroscopy (dynamic range upper limit ≤10%) based on Beer-Lambert law. Another significant advantage of FRS is that it is reasonably immune to diamagnetic species (e.g., water and carbon dioxide), which allows it to exhibit high sample specificity. 大多数这些报道的FRS传感器使用螺线管提供外部纵向磁场，从而导致能耗高和产生过多焦耳热。同时产生目标磁场所需的高电流交流电路会产生不受控制的电磁干扰（EMI），通常会降低FRS传感器的长期稳定性。此外，当前报道的FRS传感器只能在吸收池中进行单组分测量，不能满足复杂环境中同时进行多组分测量的需求。Most of these reported FRS sensors use solenoid coils to provide an external longitudinal magnetic field, which makes them suffer from high power consumption and excessive Joule heat generation. The high-current alternating current circuit required to generate the target magnetic field produces uncontrolled electromagnetic interference (EMI), which usually deteriorates the long-term stability of the FRS sensors. In addition, the currently reported FRS sensors are only capable of single-component measurements in the absorption cell and cannot meet the demand for simultaneous multi-component measurements in complex environments.在本研究中，提出了一种新型的低能耗FRS传感器，基于钕铁硼（NdFeB）环形磁体阵列，实现在单个吸收池中同时检测NO和NO2。分析了同轴双波长赫里奥特池（DWHC）的环形磁体阵列的磁场分布特性。使用两台室温连续波中红外量子级联激光器（QCL），波长分别为5.33 µ m（1875.81 cm&minus 1）和6.2 µ m（1613.25 cm&minus 1），同时探测DWHC内的磁光效应。通过对激光波长进行高频调制，有效抑制了1/f噪声。优化了双波长FRS NOx传感器的性能，包括调制幅度、调制频率、样品气压和分析器偏置角。本研究提出的FRS传感器为现场可部署的微量气体检测设备提供了理想解决方案。宁波海尔欣光电科技有限公司为此研究提供了HPPD-M-B 前置放大制冷一体型碲镉汞（MCT）光电探测器，用以分别检测2个激光束。In the present work, a novel low-power FRS sensor based on a neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) ring magnet array was proposed to achieve simultaneous detection of NO and NO2 in a single absorption cell. The magnetic field distribution characteristics of a ring magnet array coaxial to a dual-wavelength Herriott cell (DWHC) were analyzed. Two room-temperature continuous wave mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCL) with wavelengths of 5.33 µ m (1875.81 cm&minus 1) and 6.2 µ m (1613.25 cm&minus 1), respectively, were used simultaneously to probe magneto-optical effects within the DWHC. The 1/f noise was effectively suppressed by high-frequency modulation of the laser wavelength. The performance of the dual-wavelength FRS NOx sensor was optimized with respect to modulation amplitude, modulation frequency, sample gas pressure, and analyzer offset angle. The FRS sensor proposed in this work provides a preferable solution for field deployable trace gas detection equipment. The laser detected by two TEC-cooled mid-infrared thermoelectrically cooled mercury-cadmium- telluride (MCT) photodetectors (Healthy Photon, model HPPD-B- 10–150 K).(a) Schematic diagram of the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor based on a NdFeB ring magnet array (b) Optical layout of the FRS NOx sensor.thermoelectrically cooled mercury-cadmium- telluride (MCT) photodetectors (Healthy Photon, model HPPD-B- 10–150 K),结论本研究开发了一种基于NdFeB环形磁铁阵列的双中红外波长FRS传感器，用于同时检测NO2和NO。在光学路径长度为23.7米，积分时间为100秒的条件下，NO2和NO的检测限分别为0.58 ppb和0.95 ppb。高频激光波长调制与外部静态磁场相结合，最大程度地减小了低频噪声对FRS信号的影响。基于有限元方法分析了使用的永磁体阵列的磁场分布特性，帮助确定与其耦合的吸收池长度。采用双波长赫里奥特池放大两种不同偏振光波长与氮氧化物分子之间的相互作用，从而实现了在单个吸收池内对两种顺磁分子的高灵敏度检测。本文提出的FRS NOx传感器在大气环境监测或生态系统NOx通量观测等领域，具有进一步发展成为便携式、可在实地使用的仪器的巨大潜力。Conclusion In this work, a dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS sensor based on a NdFeB ring magnet array was developed for the simultaneous detection of NO2 and NO. The detection limits for NO2 and NOwere 0.58 ppb and 0.95 ppb, respectively, at an optical path length of 23.7 m and an integration time of 100 s. High frequency laser wavelength modulation was combined with an external static magnetic field to minimize the effect of low frequency noise on the FRS signal. The magnetic field distribution characteristics of the used permanent magnet array were analyzed based on the finite element method, which helped to determine the length of the absorption cell coupled to it. A dual-wavelength Herriott cell was used to amplify the interaction between two different wavelengths of linearly polarized light and nitrogen oxide molecules, thus achieving highly sensitive detection of two paramagnetic molecules within a single absorption cell. The FRS NOx sensor presented in this work shows great potential for further development into a portable, field-deployable instrument with applications in atmospheric environmental monitoring or ecosystem NOx flux observation. (a) Schematic diagram of a dual-wavelength Herriott cell (DWHC) with a NdFeB ring magnet array (b) Characteristics of the magnetic inductance line distribution around a NdFeB ring magnet array (c) Ray tracing results in a DWHC (d) Spot distribution on a concave mirror.Optimization of laser modulation frequency for the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor.Optimization of laser modulation amplitude for the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor.(a), (b) Measured FRS NOx signal as a function of analyzer angle (c), (d) Calculated FRS NOx noise as a function of analyzer angle (e), (f) Calculated SNR as a function of analyzer angle.

来自中科大、合肥工业大学和日本RIKEN高级光子学中心的研究人员制造了一种磁驱动旋转微过滤器，可用于过滤微流体设备内的颗粒。他们通过创造一种磁性材料制成了微小的转动过滤器，这种材料可以与一种称为双光子聚合的非常精确的3D打印技术一起使用。作为利用便携性、安全性和效率优势的微型实验室平台，片上实验室系统已广泛应用于各个领域。近年来，得益于飞秒激光微纳制造技术的不断进步，用于三维（3D）高精度加工、微光学、微流体等多种功能微元件和微机械可以通过简单的程序集成到微芯片中，实现分子检测、细胞操作、催化反应等应用。常见的功能性微芯片之一是微分选装置，对分离颗粒和富集特殊细胞具有重要意义，并已成功应用于单细胞分析、药物筛选、血细胞分离等。目前的微流控分选方法可分为主动分选和被动分选。前者需要使用外部设备或外力，操作复杂，需要昂贵的设备。同时，后者在集成无源微器件的微流控芯片中实现了无外力的细胞或颗粒分选。微米级微孔过滤器是一种传统的被动分选装置，可以根据孔径大小对颗粒或细胞进行分选。由于过滤器中的孔的数量和形状不能在分选过程中动态改变，因此无法灵活地按需分选不同的颗粒或细胞，从而限制了微芯片的使用。因此，开发一种可以自由切换过滤、通过、选择性过滤等过滤模式的多功能过滤器，可以使应用多样化。在该研究中，来自中科大、合肥工业大学和日本RIKEN高级光子学中心的研究人员使用飞秒激光双光子聚合在微流控芯片中制造了磁性旋转微过滤器。研究人员首先合成了磁性纳米颗粒，将其混合在光刻胶中以制备磁性光刻胶。为了聚合制备的磁性光刻胶，优化了激光功率密度、脉冲数和扫描间隔等不同工艺参数。然后在载玻片上制作旋转微过滤器，并测试其磁驱动性能。最后，将旋转微过滤器集成到微流控芯片中。在恒定磁场下证明了微流控芯片内部过滤器对“过滤”和“通过”模式的磁响应。过滤性能是用在酒精溶液中含有直径为 2.5 和 8.0 µm 的聚苯乙烯 (PS) 球体的悬浮液来测试的，显示完全过滤了 8.0 µm 的颗粒。设想这种磁驱动旋转微过滤器可以在血细胞分选、微粒纯化和循环肿瘤细胞分离方面提供广泛的应用。▲图1. 磁驱动旋转微过滤器的制造过程和磁性颗粒的表征。(a) 具有可切换模式功能的磁驱动旋转微过滤器的制造过程示意图。(b) [Math Processing Error] 纳米粒子的 XRD 图。(c) 小熊猫的 SEM 图像。EDX 映射图像说明来自印刷的小熊猫的 (d) 覆盖层、(e) 碳和 (f) 铁。比例尺：5 µm。他们使用双光子聚合创建了新的过滤器，它使用聚焦的飞秒激光束来固化或聚合一种称为光刻胶的液体光敏材料。由于双光子吸收，聚合可以以非常精确的方式完成，从而能够制造微米级的复杂结构。图2. 双光子示意图为了制造微过滤器，研究人员合成了磁性纳米粒子并将它们与光刻胶混合。制造旋转式微过滤器要求它们优化用于聚合的激光功率密度、脉冲数和扫描间隔。在载玻片上测试其磁驱动特性后，他们将微过滤器集成到微流体装置中。多种过滤模式为了过滤较大的颗粒，应用垂直于微通道的磁场。过滤过程完成后，可以通过施加平行于微通道的磁场释放大颗粒，这将使微过滤器旋转 90°。然后可以根据需要重复过滤过程。研究人员使用混合在酒精溶液中的直径为 8.0 和 2.5 微米的聚苯乙烯颗粒验证了过滤器的过滤性能。“很明显，小于孔径的颗粒很容易通过微过滤器，而较大的颗粒则被过滤掉，”中国科学技术大学的张晨初说。“在通过模式下，过滤器捕获的任何较大颗粒都会被流体冲走，从而防止过滤器堵塞并允许重复使用微过滤器。”▲图3. 磁力旋转微滤器的参数优化与设计。(a) 不同激光功率密度下最小脉冲数的聚合窗口。(b) 磁旋转微过滤器的示意图。【数学加工误差】为外径，【数学加工误差】为轴套内径。盖玻片上的磁性旋转微过滤器 (c) 和通道中的 (d) 的 SEM 图像。所有比例尺：10 µm。▲图4. 制造的微过滤器的磁驱动旋转。(a) 在平面上操纵磁旋转微过滤器的示意图。(b) 通过施加不同方向的均匀磁场，在平坦表面上的液体环境中操作磁旋转微过滤器的演示。(c) 磁性操纵通道中旋转微过滤器的示意图。(d) 和 (e) 在充满乙醇的微通道中展示磁性旋转微过滤器的旋转以切换模式。该研究得到了中国国家自然科学基金、中国国家重点研发项目、中国博士后科学基金和中央大学基础研究基金的支持，相关成果发表在光学学会杂志Optics Letters上。