钕铁硼

导 • 读 近年来由于新能源汽车、风能发电及电子产品等领域对节能电机小型化、轻量化的需求，被誉为“磁王”的稀土钕铁硼永磁材料得到飞速发展。添加铽（Tb）和镝（Dy）等稀土元素进行合金化处理，并使合金化元素主要分布于主相晶界位置，是提高钕铁硼磁性性能的有效方法。岛津电子探针具有高分辨率和高灵敏度的特征，对于晶界改性钕铁硼磁性材料主相晶界中富集的铽（Tb）可以予以直观地表征。 磁王 • 钕铁硼 钕铁硼（NdFeB）是所有稀土类磁体中磁性特征最强的，可在同样的磁场强度下大幅减小产品的体积，用于制造的各种永磁电机马达具有体积小、比功率高、有助于节省能源等优点，故而在电动自行车、风力发动机、汽车发动电机等凡是涉及到电能和动能转化的领域，均有着广泛应用。 钕铁硼微区 • 测试难点 一、分辨率 稀土元素之间的特征X射线波长（能量）非常接近，这需要仪器能把波长非常邻近的特征峰区分开来（能量分辨率）。尤其当添加Tb时，在能谱上Tb与Fe、Co和Nd元素互相重叠，无法分析（如图1）。 二、超轻元素 硼（B）为超轻元素，因基体对超轻元素特征X射线的吸收效应很大，含有超轻元素的微区定量测试一直是电子探针分析领域的一大难题，而在含有稀土元素的重基体中问题更甚。 图1 掺杂Tb的钕铁硼样品能谱图 图2 掺杂Tb的钕铁硼样品EPMA波谱图 针对钕铁硼 • 岛津方案 一、全聚焦分光晶体兼顾稀土元素测试的分辨率和灵敏度问题；能完美地分辨Tb与Fe、Co等元素的谱峰。（如图2） 二、特征X射线52.5°高取出角，很好地解决超轻元素的测试问题。（如图3） 图3 超轻元素分析例——钕铁硼中B元素分布分析岛津EPMA-8050G场发射型电子探针 钕铁硼晶界改性 • 直观表达 添加铽（Tb）和镝（Dy）等稀土元素进行合金化处理，是提高钕铁硼磁性性能的有效方法，但传统的直接烧结对矫顽力的提升有限且会大幅降低剩磁，只有使合金化元素主要分布于主相晶界位置，降低反磁畴形核的可能，才能提高矫顽力又不致过多降低剩磁性能。 图4为某烧结钕铁硼磁体的元素面分析结果，从中可以看出有助于提高矫顽力的Tb缠绕分布于主相晶界处，而元素Co、Cu、Ga分布在富Nd相附近，磁体中烧结残余的O主要以Nd2O3形式存在于富Nd相晶粒，元素Pr总是和Nd对应共存。 图4 晶界改性的钕铁硼磁体主要元素分布特征 将Tb晶界扩散处理后的钕铁硼磁体的表面区域、距表面1/2处的中间区域以及心部放大后进行面分析，如图5~图7所示，结果显示Nd2Fe14B主相晶粒呈多边形，晶粒直径为5μm左右，Tb集中在主相晶粒附近，形成了薄而均匀且连续的富Tb壳层。研究表明，获得这样的微结构，可以提高磁性材料的矫顽力，同时不会降低其他磁学性能。 图5 Tb晶界扩散处理后表面区域元素面分布图图6 Tb晶界扩散处理后距表面1/2处元素面分布图图7 Tb晶界扩散处理后心部的分布特征 小 • 结 岛津电子探针可以便捷、直观地钕铁硼磁性材料晶界改性情况进行表征，测试结果可为磁性材料开发专家提供稀土元素渗透情况、晶界富集微结构等关键指导信息。

近日，来自中国科学院安徽光学精密机械研究所、先进激光技术安徽省实验室、中国科学技术大学、法国滨海大学大气物理化学实验室联合研究团队发表了《基于钕铁硼环形磁体阵列的双中红外波长法拉第旋转光谱NOx传感器》论文。Recently, the joint research team from Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Laboratoire de Physicochimie de l′ Atmosph`ere, Universit´ e du Littoral C&circ ote d′ Opale, published an academic papers Dual mid-infrared wavelength Faraday rotation spectroscopy NOx sensor based on NdFeB ring magnet array.氮氧化物（NOx，包括二氧化氮（NO2）和一氧化氮（NO））是对流层臭氧的重要前体，同时也影响羟基和过氧基自由基的浓度。大多数气态化合物在被氧化和从空气中去除或转化成其他化学物质时，都会直接或间接接触到NOx。在典型的羟基自由基水平下，NOx的寿命取决于季节和光化学反应速率，通常为几小时。根据IPCC第六次评估报告，NOx的排放导致净正向变暖，因为它既形成短期臭氧（变暖），又破坏环境甲烷（冷却）。此外，NOx还导致酸沉降以及化学烟雾和气溶胶的形成。NO和NO2在大气光化学反应中起着核心作用，针对它们的检测有助于理解这两种气体的来源和去向，以及研究陆地生态系统与大气之间的NOx交换通量。Nitrogen oxides (NOx, the sum of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO)) are important precursors of tropospheric ozone, and they also influence the concentration of hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Most ofthe compounds that are oxidized and removed from the air or converted to other chemical species are in direct or indirect contact with NOx. At typical hydroxyl radical levels, the life time of NOx depends on the season and the photochemical reaction rate, which is typically a few hours. According to the IPCC sixth assessment report, the emissions of NOx result in net-positive warming from the formation of short-term ozone (warming) and the destruction of ambient methane (cooling). Additionally, NOx contributes to acid deposition and the formation of chemical smog and aerosols. Since NO and NO2 play a central role in atmospheric photochemical reactions, their simultaneous detection helps to understand the sources and sinks of these two gases, in addition to studying the NOx exchange fluxes between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere.化学发光检测（NO + O3 → NO2 + O2 + hν）是测量NOx的传统方法。在通过化学发光反应（Mo + 3NO2 → MoO3 + 3NO）测量之前，NO2首先需要在高温（~325°C）下转化为NO。虽然这种方法被广泛使用，但其他氧化氮化合物，如过乙酰亚硝酸酯（PAN）和硝酸（HNO3），可能会在测量NOx浓度时引起交叉干扰。同时，这种方法不能区分NO和NO2。红外吸收法也可用于测量NO和NO2。在这种方法中，通常需要通过转化器将NO2还原为NO。由于NO和NO2是顺磁分子，法拉第旋转光谱（FRS）可以用作实现其高度敏感和选择性检测的潜在方法。FRS通过检测气态介质在纵向磁场中引起的光偏振状态的变化，实现对物种浓度的高灵敏度检测。该方法通过测量光学色散实现气体浓度的检测，因此其动态测量范围比基于比尔-兰伯定律的吸收光谱（动态范围上限≤10%）更大。FRS的另一个重要优势是它对于抗磁性分子（如水和二氧化碳）具有较强的抗干扰能力，从而使其具有高样品特异性。Chemiluminescence detection (NO+O3→NO2+O2+hν) is the conventional method for measuring NOx. NO2 first needs to be converted to NO at high temperature (~325 ◦ C) before it can be measured by chemiluminescence reaction (Mo+3NO2→MoO3+3NO). Although this method is more widely used, other oxidized nitrogen compounds, such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and nitric acid (HNO3), can cause cross-interference in the measurement of NOx concentrations. Simultaneously, this method is non-selective in discriminating between NO and NO2. The infrared absorption method can also be used for NO and NO2 measurements. In this method, NO2 usually needs to be reduced to NO by the converter. As NO and NO2 are paramagnetic molecules, Faraday rotation spectroscopy (FRS) can be used as a potential method to achieve their highly sensitive and selective detection. FRS enables highly sensitive detection of species concentrations by detecting changes in the polarization state of light induced by a gaseous medium immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field. This method realizes the detection of gas concentration by measuring optical dispersion, so it has a higher dynamic measurement range than absorption spectroscopy (dynamic range upper limit ≤10%) based on Beer-Lambert law. Another significant advantage of FRS is that it is reasonably immune to diamagnetic species (e.g., water and carbon dioxide), which allows it to exhibit high sample specificity. 大多数这些报道的FRS传感器使用螺线管提供外部纵向磁场，从而导致能耗高和产生过多焦耳热。同时产生目标磁场所需的高电流交流电路会产生不受控制的电磁干扰（EMI），通常会降低FRS传感器的长期稳定性。此外，当前报道的FRS传感器只能在吸收池中进行单组分测量，不能满足复杂环境中同时进行多组分测量的需求。Most of these reported FRS sensors use solenoid coils to provide an external longitudinal magnetic field, which makes them suffer from high power consumption and excessive Joule heat generation. The high-current alternating current circuit required to generate the target magnetic field produces uncontrolled electromagnetic interference (EMI), which usually deteriorates the long-term stability of the FRS sensors. In addition, the currently reported FRS sensors are only capable of single-component measurements in the absorption cell and cannot meet the demand for simultaneous multi-component measurements in complex environments.在本研究中，提出了一种新型的低能耗FRS传感器，基于钕铁硼（NdFeB）环形磁体阵列，实现在单个吸收池中同时检测NO和NO2。分析了同轴双波长赫里奥特池（DWHC）的环形磁体阵列的磁场分布特性。使用两台室温连续波中红外量子级联激光器（QCL），波长分别为5.33 µ m（1875.81 cm&minus 1）和6.2 µ m（1613.25 cm&minus 1），同时探测DWHC内的磁光效应。通过对激光波长进行高频调制，有效抑制了1/f噪声。优化了双波长FRS NOx传感器的性能，包括调制幅度、调制频率、样品气压和分析器偏置角。本研究提出的FRS传感器为现场可部署的微量气体检测设备提供了理想解决方案。宁波海尔欣光电科技有限公司为此研究提供了HPPD-M-B 前置放大制冷一体型碲镉汞（MCT）光电探测器，用以分别检测2个激光束。In the present work, a novel low-power FRS sensor based on a neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) ring magnet array was proposed to achieve simultaneous detection of NO and NO2 in a single absorption cell. The magnetic field distribution characteristics of a ring magnet array coaxial to a dual-wavelength Herriott cell (DWHC) were analyzed. Two room-temperature continuous wave mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers (QCL) with wavelengths of 5.33 µ m (1875.81 cm&minus 1) and 6.2 µ m (1613.25 cm&minus 1), respectively, were used simultaneously to probe magneto-optical effects within the DWHC. The 1/f noise was effectively suppressed by high-frequency modulation of the laser wavelength. The performance of the dual-wavelength FRS NOx sensor was optimized with respect to modulation amplitude, modulation frequency, sample gas pressure, and analyzer offset angle. The FRS sensor proposed in this work provides a preferable solution for field deployable trace gas detection equipment. The laser detected by two TEC-cooled mid-infrared thermoelectrically cooled mercury-cadmium- telluride (MCT) photodetectors (Healthy Photon, model HPPD-B- 10–150 K).(a) Schematic diagram of the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor based on a NdFeB ring magnet array (b) Optical layout of the FRS NOx sensor.thermoelectrically cooled mercury-cadmium- telluride (MCT) photodetectors (Healthy Photon, model HPPD-B- 10–150 K),结论本研究开发了一种基于NdFeB环形磁铁阵列的双中红外波长FRS传感器，用于同时检测NO2和NO。在光学路径长度为23.7米，积分时间为100秒的条件下，NO2和NO的检测限分别为0.58 ppb和0.95 ppb。高频激光波长调制与外部静态磁场相结合，最大程度地减小了低频噪声对FRS信号的影响。基于有限元方法分析了使用的永磁体阵列的磁场分布特性，帮助确定与其耦合的吸收池长度。采用双波长赫里奥特池放大两种不同偏振光波长与氮氧化物分子之间的相互作用，从而实现了在单个吸收池内对两种顺磁分子的高灵敏度检测。本文提出的FRS NOx传感器在大气环境监测或生态系统NOx通量观测等领域，具有进一步发展成为便携式、可在实地使用的仪器的巨大潜力。Conclusion In this work, a dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS sensor based on a NdFeB ring magnet array was developed for the simultaneous detection of NO2 and NO. The detection limits for NO2 and NOwere 0.58 ppb and 0.95 ppb, respectively, at an optical path length of 23.7 m and an integration time of 100 s. High frequency laser wavelength modulation was combined with an external static magnetic field to minimize the effect of low frequency noise on the FRS signal. The magnetic field distribution characteristics of the used permanent magnet array were analyzed based on the finite element method, which helped to determine the length of the absorption cell coupled to it. A dual-wavelength Herriott cell was used to amplify the interaction between two different wavelengths of linearly polarized light and nitrogen oxide molecules, thus achieving highly sensitive detection of two paramagnetic molecules within a single absorption cell. The FRS NOx sensor presented in this work shows great potential for further development into a portable, field-deployable instrument with applications in atmospheric environmental monitoring or ecosystem NOx flux observation. (a) Schematic diagram of a dual-wavelength Herriott cell (DWHC) with a NdFeB ring magnet array (b) Characteristics of the magnetic inductance line distribution around a NdFeB ring magnet array (c) Ray tracing results in a DWHC (d) Spot distribution on a concave mirror.Optimization of laser modulation frequency for the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor.Optimization of laser modulation amplitude for the dual mid-infrared wavelength FRS NOx sensor.(a), (b) Measured FRS NOx signal as a function of analyzer angle (c), (d) Calculated FRS NOx noise as a function of analyzer angle (e), (f) Calculated SNR as a function of analyzer angle.

近日，中科院合肥物质院安光所高晓明研究员团队在静磁场法拉第旋转光谱NOx双组分同步探测方面取得新进展，相关研究成果以《基于钕铁硼环磁阵列的双中红外波长法拉第旋转光谱NOx传感器》为题发表在国际TOP期刊Sensors and Actuators: B. Chemical上(SCI一区，IF：9.221)。 　　氮氧化物(NOx=NO+NO2)处于大气化学反应的中心，影响着臭氧、羟基和过氧自由基的浓度，是形成光化学烟雾、酸雨和灰霾污染的重要前体物。同时农田、湿地等生态系统释放的NOx在全球氮循环中发挥着重要的作用。 　　针对传统化学发光法在检测NOx时存在的测量速率慢，对NO和NO2缺乏选择性等问题，团队刘锟研究员，曹渊特任副研究员等人提出了一种基于钕铁硼环磁阵列的静磁场法拉第旋转光谱NOx双组分同步探测装置。通过设计单腔双光路的气体吸收池并将其与钕铁硼环磁阵列同轴耦合，从而促进两束不同波段的线偏振光与NOx分子在静磁场下的相互作用。 　　同时，针对钕铁硼环磁阵列左右两侧与内部轴向磁场方向相反，导致部分抵消内部轴向磁场所激发的磁光信号的问题，提出吸收池的长度应小于或等于永磁体阵列的长度。通过将波长调制光谱与静磁场相结合产生了检测到的激光偏振状态的调制，在23.7m光程、100s的积分时间下实现了0.58ppb NO2和0.95ppb NO检测灵敏度。这项工作为研究团队进一步基于涡度相关法开展生态系统土壤-植物-大气NOx界面通量的研究奠定了基础。 　　本研究工作得到了中国科学院科研装备研制项目(No. YJKYYQ20190054)，国家自然科学基金(No.42205133)，先进激光技术安徽省实验室开放基金(No. AHL2021KF06)，合肥研究院院长基金(No.YZJJ2022QN10)，以及中国博士后面上基金(No. 2022M713185)等项目的资助。单腔双光路气体池与钕铁硼环磁阵列空间磁场强度分布法拉第旋转光谱NOx双组分同步探测装置法拉第旋转光谱信号、噪声及信噪比与分析仪偏转角度的关系