中药质量控制中的科学仪器——色谱、光谱篇
p style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "中药是中华民族的宝贵财富,从最早的中药著作《神农本草经》到明代李时珍所著的《本草纲目》,再到当代药学家屠呦呦因发现和提取中药成分青蒿素而获得2015年诺贝尔生理医学奖,自古至今,中药都是中国人得以健康生活的重要保障。/pp style="text-align: center "img width="600" height="402" title="中药.png" style="width: 542px height: 331px max-height: 100% max-width: 100% " alt="中药.png" src="https://img1.17img.cn/17img/images/201905/uepic/38216ed0-ceb6-4a3c-9629-0673a6c68309.jpg" border="0" vspace="0"//pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "中药材品种繁多,来源广泛,且其本身所含成分复杂,药效通常为多组分联合作用,这使得中药质量控制始终是中药发展的难点。随着人类用药安全意识的不断加强,中药质量控制也越来越受到重视。近年来,生化分析仪器的快速发展使得中药质量控制研究也取得了长足进步,本文对中药质量控制中常用到的分离分析技术及所使用到的科学仪器进行了汇总整理。/pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "strong中药质量控制所应用的技术及科学仪器/strong/pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "在中药质量控制过程中,中药成分分离、鉴定以及定性和定量分析主要依托于科学仪器的使用,那么应用到的科学仪器都有哪些?/pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0) "strong色谱仪器/strong/span/pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "色谱技术在中药质量控制中应用最为广泛。在中药质量控制中,根据不同的分离、分析需求,可利用到多种不同原理的色谱技术及对应的色谱仪器。/ptable style="margin: auto auto auto 6px border: currentColor border-image: none border-collapse: collapse " border="0" cellspacing="0"tbodytr class="firstRow" style="height: 48px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "技术类型/span/strong/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "技术特点/span/strong/p/tdtd width="81" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "检测成分/span/strong/p/tdtd width="236" nowrap="" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "检测案例/span/strong/p/td/trtr style="height: 80px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/1.html" target="_self"strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "气相色谱/span/strong/a/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "高效、高选择性、高灵敏度/进样量小/分析速度快/span/p/tdtd width="81" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "挥发性成分/span/p/tdtd width="236" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)生姜、石菖蒲中挥发油分析/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)人参中苯、甲苯等物质残留量分析/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(3)栽培黄岑中有几率农药残留量测定/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 56px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/23.html" target="_self"strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "高效液相色谱/span/strong/a/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "分离速度快、分离效率高、检测灵敏度高/span/p/tdtd width="81" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "高分子、极性、离子、热不稳定性物质/span/p/tdtd width="236" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)金银花药材分析/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)藿香正气水中橙皮苷、甘草苷、厚朴酚的测定/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(3)黄芪多糖分子量测定及其分布/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 57px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/27.html" target="_self"strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "薄层色谱/span/strong/a/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "多路柱效应、柱后衍生化灵活、样品静态检测/span/p/tdtd width="72" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "可溶物质/span/p/tdtd width="236" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)茱萸药材的薄层色谱分析/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)不同产地喉舒宁片中脱水穿心莲内内酯含量测定/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(3)建立甘草药材的薄层色谱指纹图谱/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 63px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/26.html" target="_self"strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "毛细管电泳/span/strong/a/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "分离效能高、分析成本低、对环境影响小、样本前处理简单/span/p/tdtd width="81" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "水溶性或醇溶性成分/span/p/tdtd width="236" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)建立牡丹皮的毛细管电泳指纹图谱/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)冬虫夏草真伪品鉴别/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(3)关木通中马兜铃酸A的含量测定/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 54px "td width="113" nowrap="" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/1747.html" target="_self"span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "超临界流体色谱/span/strongstrongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "/span/strongstrong/strong/span/a/p/tdtd width="99" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "流速高、分析/制备快、破坏性小/span/p/tdtd width="81" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "//span/p/tdtd width="236" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)银杏叶中槲皮素和泸定的检测/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)中药补骨脂中香豆素含量测定/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(3)天然紫衫熟普的提取物分析/span/p/td/tr/tbody/tablep style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "strongspan style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px font-weight: bold "span style="font-family: 宋体 "br//span/span/strong/pp style="line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em margin-bottom: 10px "span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0) "strongspan style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px font-weight: bold "光谱技术/span/strong/span/pp style="text-align: left color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em font-family: Calibri font-size: 14px font-style: normal font-weight: normal margin-top: 0px margin-bottom: 10px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px font-weight: normal "span style="font-family: 宋体 "中药质量控制过程中,主要用到的光谱包括紫外光谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、原子吸收光谱等。不同中药材所含物质基础不同,相应的光谱性质也会有差别。/span/span/ptable width="556" style="margin: auto auto auto 6px border: currentColor border-image: none border-collapse: collapse " border="0" cellspacing="0"tbodytr class="firstRow" style="height: 32px "td width="93" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "技术类型/span/strong/p/tdtd width="151" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "原理/span/strong/p/tdtd width="141" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "分析内容/span/strong/p/tdtd width="172" valign="center" style="background: rgb(220, 230, 241) padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal font-weight: bold "检测案例/span/strong/p/td/trtr style="height: 54px "td width="93" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "紫外光谱/span/p/tdtd width="151" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "依据化合物不饱和程度/span/p/tdtd width="141" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "化合物结构的鉴定和含量测定/span/p/tdtd width="172" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)泽兰和佩兰鉴别/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)抗感颗粒中绿氯原酸的含量/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 72px "td width="93" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) "strongspan style="font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "红外/拉曼光谱/span/strong/span/p/tdtd width="151" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "低能量照射下分子振动提供结构信息/span/p/tdtd width="141" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "单一或混合物体系结构特征/span/p/tdtd width="172" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)蒙药材止泻子及其两种混淆品的红外光谱鉴定br/(2)中药灯盏花素注射剂和红花注射液成分检测/span/p/td/trtr style="height: 72px "td width="93" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "a style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal text-decoration: underline " href="https://www.instrument.com.cn/zc/37.html" target="_self"strongspan style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "原子吸收光谱/span/strong/a/p/tdtd width="151" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "由待测元素灯发出的特征谱线通过供试品蒸气时被蒸汽中待测元素的基态原子所吸收/span/p/tdtd width="141" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: center vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "中药无机微量元素/span/p/tdtd width="172" valign="center" style="padding: 5px border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0) border-image: none background-color: transparent "p style="text-align: left vertical-align: middle "span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(1)粗毛淫羊藿生品及其炮制品的微量元素含量对比/spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "br//spanspan style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0) font-family: 宋体 font-size: 15px font-style: normal "(2)中草药中Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Cr、Mg、Se7中原色含量测定/span/p/td/tr/tbody/tablep style="text-align: left color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em font-family: Calibri font-size: 14px font-style: normal font-weight: normal margin-top: 0px margin-bottom: 10px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px "span style="font-family: 宋体 "br//span/span/pp style="text-align: left color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 1.5em text-indent: 2em font-family: Calibri font-size: 14px font-style: normal font-weight: normal margin-top: 0px margin-bottom: 10px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px "span style="font-family: 宋体 "除以上分离、分析技术外,中药质量控制还会应用到核磁共振波谱技术、多种质谱联用技术,如液质联用技术,以及/spanDNAspan style="font-family: 宋体 "分子诊断技术等,需利用到核磁共振仪、液质联用仪、电泳仪等多种生化分析仪器,小编将在后续的文章中进行归纳整理。/span/span/pp style="text-align: left line-height: 125% text-indent: 32px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 14px "span style="font-family: 宋体 "注:本文部分内容引自/span/span/pol class=" list-paddingleft-2" style="list-style-type: decimal "lip style="text-align: left color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 125% font-family: Calibri font-size: 14px font-style: normal font-weight: normal margin-top: 0px margin-bottom: 0px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255) color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 125% letter-spacing: 0px font-family: 宋体 font-size: 14px font-style: normal "span style="font-family: 宋体 "蒋庆峰/span, 金松子, 蔡振华,等. 现代分析技术在中药质量控制中的应用[J]. 现代仪器与医疗, 2007, 13(3):1-8./span/p/lilip style="text-align: left color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 125% font-family: Calibri font-size: 14px font-style: normal font-weight: normal margin-top: 0px margin-bottom: 0px -ms-text-autospace: ideograph-numeric "span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255) color: rgb(0, 0, 0) line-height: 125% letter-spacing: 0px font-family: 宋体 font-size: 14px font-style: normal "span style="font-family: 宋体 "马艳芹/span, 张蓉蓉, 房吉祥, et al. 现代分析技术在中药质量控制中的应用进展[J]. 首都医药, 2013(16):14-15.span style="line-height: 125% font-family: 宋体 font-size: 16px font-weight: normal "span style="font-family: 宋体 "br//span/span/span/p/li/ol