影像传感器

什么是“Overall system gain”在影像传感器芯片的研发中,“Overall system gain”指的是整个影像系统的增益,也就是影像传感器捕捉到的光信号被放大的程度。这个增益是用来调整影像的亮度,让我们看到更清晰的图像。当增加Overall system gain时,影像会变得更亮,但有时也可能带来噪点或失真。简单来说,Overall system gain就像是调整照相机的曝光,可以让你拍摄到更明亮或更暗的照片,取决于你的需求。在影像传感器的研发中,测量Overall system gain是为了确保影像质量和性能。“Overall system gain”的量测原理“Overall system gain”的量测原理涉及到光信号的处理和增强。以下是运作原理:1. 光信号输入:首先,将光线投射到影像传感器上,这可以是来自相机镜头的光线或其他光源。2. 传感器转换:传感器是由许多微小的像素(或光敏元件)组成的,它们可以感应到光的强度。当光线打到传感器上,像素开始转换光信号为电信号。3. 增益设置:在量测Overall system gain时,我们调整一个叫做“增益”的参数。增益是一种放大光信号的方式,使其变得更亮。这通常是在电子元件中实现的,如放大器。4. 数据记录:传感器转换光信号后,电信号会被记录下来,通常以数字形式。这些数据包括影像的亮度级别。5. 计算Overall system gain:为了计算Overall system gain,我们比较原始光信号和调整后的光信号之间的差异。这差异量是增益的效应,它告诉我们光信号被增强了多少倍。总之,Overall system gain的量测原理涉及调整光信号的亮度,然后比较增益前后的信号,以确定增益的效应。这是为了确保影像传感器能够正确地捕捉光信号,并以适当的亮度显示影像。

近日，来自山东师范大学物理与电子科学学院的联合研究团队发表了一篇题为Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Absorption Spectrum and Concentration of N2O Using an Open-Path Sensor System的研究论文。IntroductionSince China’ s proposal of the “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality” goals, the government and society have attached great importance to the problems of air pollution and global warming. Nitrous oxide (N2O) isamong the six greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol. N2O content is relatively low compared to carbon dioxide (CO2), but its global warming potential is about 310 times that of CO2. In addition, it is destructive to ozone (O3). There are many reasons for the changes in N2O concentrations in the atmosphere, which are partly due to anthropogenic activities, such as the widespread use of fertilizers in agricultural activities. The concentrations of other gases in the atmosphere, as well as the wind speed and direction, are all correlated with changes in N2O concentrations. At the macro level, temperature and humidity are also factors affecting the absorption coefficient of N2O gas. However, relatively few studies have been conducted on the specific effects of temperature and humidity on N2O gas, and analysis has also been lacking on the influence of temperature and humidity on the absorption spectrum and the concentration of N2O. Moreover, some uncertainty and variability remain in the observations of the relationship between N2O gas concentrations and temperature and humidity. The reasons for these discrepancies may be regional differences, differences in observation methods, and imperfections in data, which are all important bases for measuring the N2O concentration in atmospheric, medical, combustion, and agricultural processes. Thus, further research and exploration, combined with additional field observations and modeling experiments, can uncover the mechanism of temperature and humidity on the N2O concentration. Consequently, providing a scientific basis for this concentration is essential for reducing N2O emissions, controlling climate change, and promoting sustainable development and environmental protection. 简介自中国提出“碳峰值”和“碳中和”目标以来，政府和社会对空气污染和全球变暖问题给予了极大关注。N2O是《京都议定书》下的六种温室气体之一。与二氧化碳（CO2）相比，N2O含量相对较低，但其全球变暖潜力约为CO2的310倍。此外，它对臭氧（O3）具有破坏性。大气中N2O浓度的变化有许多原因，部分原因是人类活动造成的，例如在农业活动中广泛使用化肥。大气中其他气体的浓度以及风速和风向都与N2O浓度的变化相关。在宏观水平上，温度和湿度也是影响N2O气体吸收系数的因素。然而，对温度和湿度对N2O气体具体影响的研究相对较少，对温度和湿度对N2O吸收谱和浓度的影响分析也不足。此外，在N2O气体浓度与温度和湿度之间的关系观察中仍存在一些不确定性和变异性。导致这些差异的原因可能是地区差异、观测方法差异以及数据的不完善，这些都是测量大气、医疗、燃烧和农业过程中N2O浓度的重要基础。因此，进一步的研究和探索，结合更多的现场观测和建模实验，可以揭示温度和湿度对N2O浓度的机制。因此，为减少N2O排放、控制气候变化，促进可持续发展和环境保护提供科学依据至关重要。Experimental DetailsSensor SetupBased on WMS technology and an open optical path, an open optical-path detection system for detecting N2O gas in the atmosphere was built. The schematic diagram is shown in Figure 1. The sensor system is composed of a light-source module, photoelectric Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 5390 4 of 11 detection module, and data processing module. The light-source module mainly consists of signal generation, a laser drive, QCL, and an indication light source. To effectively realize the tunable characteristics of laser emission wavelength, we designed the signal generator plate to generate a high-frequency sine wave signal with a frequency of 10 kHz to realize the modulation function and to generate a low-frequency sawtooth wave signal with a frequency of 10 Hz to realize the scanning function. The two signals are superimposed on the laser driver, controls the temperature and central emission wavelength of QCL and converts it into an injection current acting on the detection light source QCL so that the emission wavelength of QCL is in the tunable range of 2203.7–2204.1 cm&minus 1.实验细节传感器设置基于波长调制光谱学（WMS）技术和开路光学路径，建立了一种用于检测大气中N2O气体的开路光学路径检测系统。示意图如图1所示。该传感器系统由光源模块、光电检测模块和数据处理模块组成。光源模块主要包括信号生成、激光驱动、量子级联激光器（QCL）和指示光源。为了有效实现激光发射波长的可调特性，我们设计了信号生成器板，生成频率为10 kHz的高频正弦波信号以实现调制功能，并生成频率为10 Hz的低频锯齿波信号以实现扫描功能。这两个信号叠加在激光驱动器上，控制QCL的温度和中心发射波长，并将其转化为作用于检测光源QCL的注入电流，使QCL的发射波长处于2203.7–2204.1 cm-1的可调范围内。Figure 1. Schematic diagram of N2O open optical sensor system.项目使用的激光驱动器是宁波海尔欣光电科技有限公司的QC750-TouchTM量子级联激光屏显驱动器。&bull 集成电流及温控驱动，功能完备；&bull 温度控制驱动采用非PWM式的连续电流输出控制，大大延长TEC器件的使用寿命；&bull 多种输出安全保护机制，保护QCL使用安全：可调电流钳制、输出缓启动、过压欠压保护、超温保护、继电器短路输出保护；&bull 大电流软钳制功能，避免误操作大电流损坏激光管；&bull UI界面显示便于用户操作使用及数据观测；&bull 全自主研发，集成度高，性价比高。QC750-TouchTM, Ningbo HealthyPhoton Technology, Co., Ltd.Selection of N2O TransitionsTo achieve effective detection of N2O gas molecules, we need to select the absorption line intensity and the emission central wavelength of the laser. First, combined with the HITRAN-2016 database, the wave number range of 2000–2250 cm&minus 1 was selected to analyze the region of the absorption spectral line intensity of N2O, and then carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) molecules were simulated and analyzed, as shown in Figure 2. Within this wave number range, the absorption spectra of CO2 were mainly distributed within the 2000–2081 cm&minus 1 range, and the absorption spectra of CO gas were distributed within the 2025–2200 cm&minus 1 wave number range. The absorption spectra of N2O gas were distributed before the 2020 cm&minus 1 wave number range. The absorption spectra of N2O gas molecules were mainly distributed in the 2200–2250 cm&minus 1 wave number range, and they were far from the absorption spectra of water vapor and other gases, reducing interference. At around 2203.7 cm&minus 1 , the absorption spectra ofN2O gas were the strongest. Therefore, we set the position of the N2O absorption line to 2203.7333 cm&minus 1, which was used as the wave number of the QCL emission center. The corresponding spectral line intensity was 7.903 × 10&minus 19 (cm&minus 1 .mol&minus 1 ). The central current and temperature of QCL were set at 330 mA and 36.0 ◦ C, respectively.N2O跃迁的选择为了有效检测N2O气体分子，我们需要选择吸收线强度和激光的发射中心波长。首先，结合HITRAN-2016数据库，选择了2000–2250 cm&minus 1的波数范围，以分析N2O吸收光谱线强度的区域，然后对一氧化碳（CO）、二氧化碳（CO2）和水（H2O）分子进行了模拟和分析，如图2所示。在这个波数范围内，CO2的吸收光谱主要分布在2000–2081 cm&minus 1范围内，CO气体的吸收光谱分布在2025–2200 cm&minus 1波数范围内。H2O气体的吸收光谱分布在2020 cm&minus 1波数范围之前。N2O气体分子的吸收光谱主要分布在2200–2250 cm&minus 1波数范围内，远离水蒸气和其他气体的吸收光谱，减少了干扰。在2203.7 cm&minus 1左右，N2O气体的吸收光谱最强。因此，我们将N2O吸收线的位置设置为2203.7333 cm&minus 1，用作QCL发射中心的波数。相应的光谱线强度为7.903 × 10&minus 19（cm&minus 1mol&minus 1）。QCL的中心电流和温度分别设置为330 mA和36.0 ℃。Figure 2. The intensity distribution of absorption lines of N2O, CO, CO2, and H2O in the range of 2000–2250 cm&minus 1.ConclusionsIn this study, we investigated the effects of temperature and humidity on the concentration of N2Oand its absorption spectra using an open-path sensor system. By combining theoretical analysis and field monitoring, we first conducted monitoring of N2O in a campus environment, analyzing the effects of temperature on its concentration and absorption spectra. We discovered that the concentration of N2O would increase correspondingly with the increase in temperature. The influence of humidity on N2O concentration was monitored under the condition that the ambient temperature of the laboratory remained unchanged. The concentration of N2O was negatively correlated with humidity. The 2f and 1f signals under different temperature and humidity levels were extracted for analysis. We found that the higher the temperature, the smaller the peak value ofthe 2f and the 1f signals, which accords with the trend of the Gaussian function changing with temperature. Under different humidity conditions, the lower thehumidity, the larger the 2f signal peak the higher the humidity, the smaller the 2f signal. This study is of great significance for analyzing the relationship between N2O and environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. We hope that our research findings can assist environmental agencies in formulating more effective environmental policies for different environments. In the future, we can use QCL to analyze the relationship between N2Oand other environmental and gas parameters.结论在本研究中，我们利用开路传感器系统研究了温度和湿度对N2O浓度及其吸收光谱的影响。通过理论分析和现场监测相结合，我们首先在校园环境中进行了N2O监测，分析了温度对其浓度和吸收光谱的影响。我们发现随着温度升高，N2O浓度相应增加。在实验室环境中，保持环境温度不变的条件下监测了湿度对N2O浓度的影响。N2O浓度与湿度呈负相关。在不同温度和湿度水平下提取并分析了2f和1f信号。我们发现温度越高，2f和1f信号的峰值越小，这与高斯函数随温度变化的趋势相符。在不同湿度条件下，湿度越低，2f信号峰值越大；湿度越高，2f信号越小。这项研究对分析N2O与温度、湿度等环境参数之间的关系具有重要意义。我们希望我们的研究结果能够协助环境机构为不同环境制定更有效的环境政策。未来，我们可以利用QCL来分析N2O与其他环境和气体参数之间的关系。参考：Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Absorption Spectrum and Concentration of N2O Using an Open-Path Sensor System, Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 5390.

精密位移传感器技术比较PIEZOCONCEPT 在其压电级中使用什么类型的位移传感器？为什么它优于其他传感器技术？PIEZOCONCEPT 使用单晶硅传感器，称为Si-HR 传感器。尽管它是应变仪传感器大系列的一部分，但它的性能优于其他两种常用技术（电容式传感器和金属应变仪）。这两种位置传感技术有其自身的特定缺点。 电容式传感器与 PIEZOCONCEPT 公司Si-HR 传感器的比较电容式传感器非常常用。他们提供了不错的表现，但他们对以下情况很敏感：• 气压变化：空气的介电常数取决于气压。电容测量将受到任何压力变化的影响。• 温度变化：同样的，空气的介电常数会随温度变化• 污染物的存在以上所有都会导致一些纳米级的不稳定性，因此如果您想实现真正的亚纳米级稳定性，则需要将它们考虑在内。即使可以对气压和温度进行校正，也无法校正其他因素（污染物、脱气）的影响。这解释了电容式传感器在真空环境中性能不佳的原因。此外，电容式传感器非常昂贵且体积庞大。因此，带有电容传感器的位移台不可能做的有像的 BIO3/LT3 这样薄，即使设计的好也会在稳定性方面进一步牺牲性能。因为它是一种固态技术，所以Si-HR 传感器的电阻不依赖于气压或污染物的存在。其次，温度变化会对测量产生影响（主要是因为材料的热膨胀），但这可以通过使用传感器阵列来纠正。基本上，我们为每个轴平行使用 2 个硅传感器 - 一个用于测量，另一个用于考虑由于温度变化导致的材料膨胀。金属应变计与 PIEZOCONCEPT Silicon HR 技术的比较金属应变计与我们的 Silicon HR 技术（也是应变计）之间的差异更大。金属应变计和硅传感器应变计之间存在两个巨大差异。竞争对手试图说所有的应变仪都具有相同的性能，因为它们测量的是应变。这是不正确的。半导体应变计在稳定性方面与金属应变计有很大不同。金属应变计和Si-HR 传感器（PIEZOCONCEPT 使用）之间的第yi个区别是应变系数：半导体应变仪（Si-HR）的应变系数大约是金属应变仪的 100 倍。更高的规格因子导致更高的信噪比，最终导致更高的稳定性。 更重要的是，第二个区别是金属应变计不能直接安装在弯曲本身上（即实现运动的地方）：金属应变计必须安装在某种“背衬”上。因此，它必须安装在执行器本身上，因为您没有足够的空间将其安装在挠性件上。仅在执行器上测量的问题是压电执行器有很多缺陷......存在蠕变或滞后等现象。因此，由于压电执行器的伸长不均匀，因此仅测量执行器的部分伸长率并不能精确地扣除其完全伸长率。通过对弯曲本身进行测量，我们不会遇到这种“不均匀”问题。由于上述原因，如果您比较应变计（金属）和 PIEZOCONCEPT 的Si-HR 传感器，在信噪比和稳定性方面存在巨大差异。 关于法国PIEZOCONCEPT公司 PIEZOCONCEPT 是压电纳米位移台领域的领宪供应商，其应用领域包括但不限于超分辨率显微镜、光阱、纳米工业和原子力显微镜。其产品已被国内外yi流大学和研究所从事前沿研究的知名科学家使用，在工业和科研领域受到广泛好评。 多年来，纳米定位传感器领域电容式传感器一直占据市场主导地位。但这项技术存在明显的局限性。PIEZOCONCEPT经过多年研究，开发出硅基高灵敏度位置传感器（Silicon HR）技术，Si-HR传感器可以实现更高的稳定性和线性度，以满足现代显微镜技术的更高分辨率要求。 PIEZOCONCEPT的目标是为客户提供一个物美价廉的纳米或亚纳米定位解决方案，让客户享受到市面上蕞高的定位准确性和稳定性的产品使用体验。我们开发了一系列超稳定的纳米定位器件，包含单轴、两轴、三轴、物镜扫描台、快反镜和配套器件，覆盖5-1500um行程，品类丰富，并提供各类定制化服务。与市场上已有的产品相比具有显着优势，Piezoconcept的硅传感器具有很好的稳定性、超本低噪声和超高的信号反馈，该技术优于市场上昂贵的高端电容传感器。因此，我们的舞台通过其简单而高效的柔性设计和超本低噪声电子器件提供皮米级稳定性和亚纳米（或亚纳米弧度）本底噪声。更多详情请联系昊量光电/欢迎直接联系昊量光电关于昊量光电：上海昊量光电设备有限公司是国内知名光电产品专业代理商，代理品牌均处于相关领域的发展前沿；产品包括各类激光器、光电调制器、光学测量设备、精密光学元件等，涉及应用领域涵盖了材料加工、光通讯、生物医疗、科学研究、国防及更细分的前沿市场如量子光学、生物显微、物联传感、精密加工、先进激光制造等；可为客户提供完整的设备安装，培训，硬件开发，软件开发，系统集成等优质服务。