帕比司他

在国际单位制中，压强的单位是帕斯卡（Pa）。该单位的命名，是为了纪念法国著名科学家布莱斯.帕斯卡（Blaise Pascal，1623.06.19～1662.08.19）对计量学的贡献。　　380年前的6月19日，帕斯卡在法国奥弗涅的克莱蒙斐朗城诞生。他的父亲在当地一家税务局工作，通晓数学。他的母亲在他很小的时候就去世了，父亲承担起了抚养和教育他的责任。帕斯卡从小体弱多病，父亲鉴于他身体虚弱，认为钻研数学会伤害小孩的脑筋，于是不让他接触数学，只是教他一些语文和历史知识。12岁那年，帕斯卡偶尔见到父亲在读几何书，就问父亲几何学是什么？父亲告诉他几何学是研究图形的，父亲的解答虽然简单，却使帕斯卡产生了兴趣，他根据父亲讲解的那些简单的几何学知识，自己独立钻研几何学，发现了欧几里得几何学中一些重要定理。对于他的发现，父亲惊喜交集。从此以后，父亲转变了态度，允许他学习数学。　　帕斯卡确实很有数学天分，16岁那年，他就写出了一部论述圆锥曲线的书。著名哲学家、数学家笛卡儿见到这本书时，坚决不相信这是16岁的孩子写出来的。他一生在数学上贡献很多：在几何上有帕斯卡定理；在代数上有帕斯卡三角形；在计算工具方面发明了世界上最早的计算器之一；通过讨论掷骰子时某种组合出现的几率，为近代概率论奠定了基础；还十分接近于发现微积分。德国数学家莱布尼茨曾经写道：当他读到帕斯卡的著作时，就像触电一样，突然悟到了一些道理，于是后来建立了微积分理论。　　帕斯卡对计量学的贡献主要表现在两个方面，一是他用实验的方法，进一步阐明了大气压的本质；另一方面是他揭示了液体内部压强的性质。他的工作，为气体和液体压强的测定奠定了理论基础。

[table=100%][tr][td]请问布鲁克的[url=https://insevent.instrument.com.cn/t/Yp][color=#3333ff]液质[/color][/url]，Compass DataAnalysis软件如何对色谱图积分？[/td][/tr][/table]

帕纳科的AXIOS测定压片样品时,出现"1-theta motor timeout"故障,进行不下去,请教高手帮助.[img]http://simg.instrument.com.cn/bbs/images/brow/em09505.gif[/img]

如题TAPPI T 564 Transparent Chart for the Estimation of Defect Size 5350/3谢谢！

PARSTAT2273测阻抗时出现乱点，不能成图形，后来再测差分脉冲也开始出现乱点，在其他的仪器上运行是好的，仪器可以进行cv测定，请问是仪器安装的问题吗？而且打开Pstat control只能进行DC校正，为什么啊，请高手指点下

我用的是PARTSTAT2273电化学工作站，在进行循环极化设置的时，POWERSUITE标准模板中，其正向扫描和反向扫描的速度相等，但是，一般在设置时，要求正向扫描速度慢，但是反向扫描速度快，在POWERSUITE无法实现这个功能，怎么办？谢谢！！我曾试图用AUTOEXEC。功能，但是正向和反向很难得到一条连续的曲线，因为测试过程始终有停顿！

【序号】：1【作者】：Andrew J. Wendruff a, Loren E. Babcock b, Joanne Kluessendorf c, Donald G. Mikulic c【题名】：Paleobiology and taphonomy of exceptionally preserved organisms from the Waukesha Biota (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA【期刊】：Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology【年、卷、期、起止页码】：Volume 546, 15 May 2020, 109631https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109631【全文链接】：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018220300754万分感谢，感谢诸位朋友帮助！！！！

【序號】：1【作者】：Laxmidhar Rout, Tharmalingam Punniyamurthy【題名】：Silica-Supported Vanadium-Catalyzed N-Oxidation of Tertiary Amines with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide【期刊】：Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis【年、卷、期、起止頁碼】：Volume 347, Issue 15, pages 1958–1960, December 2005【全文連結】：http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.200505166/pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.200505166/abstract 【序號】：2【作者】：Gerd-Jan ten Brink1, Isabel W. C. E. Arends1, Marcel Hoogenraad2, Göran Verspui2, Roger A. Sheldon【題名】：Catalytic Conversions in Water. Part 22: Electronic Effects in the (Diimine)palladium(II)-Catalysed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols【期刊】：Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis【年、卷、期、起止頁碼】：Volume 345, Issue 4, pages 497–505, April 2003【全文連結】：http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.200390057/pdfhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsc.200390057/abstract;jsessionid=41AD9DB2D6FF4DAF57B14709C1A3AF62.d03t02

【序号】：3【作者】：M.F. Koenig, J.T. Grant【题名】：Comparison of factor analysis and curve-fitting for data analysis in XPS【期刊】：Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Volume 41, Issue 1, Pages 145-156 (1986)【全文链接】：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0368204886800366?via%3Dihub

【序号】：1【作者】： Gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis: insights on pathogenesis and treatment【题名】：Xiao Yan Guo, Xin Juan Liu, Jian Yu Hao【期刊】：Journal of Digestive Diseases【年、卷、期、起止页码】： Volume21, Issue3, March 2020【全文链接】： https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12849

[*][作者]：[font=Inter, -apple-system, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif][url=https://www.wiley.com/en-cn/search?filters%5Bauthor%5D=Myer+Kutz&pq=++][font=&][size=18px]Chongyang Cai[/size][/font][/url] [/font][font=&][size=18px][color=#333333][url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37086949713]Ke Pan[/url] [/color][/size][/font][font=&][size=18px][color=#333333][url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37088458907]Junbo Yang[/url] [/color][/size][/font][font=&][size=18px][color=#333333][url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37280892600]Seungbae Park[/url][/color][/size][/font][*][题名]：[b][font=Inter, -apple-system, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif][size=18px][color=#212121][/color][/size][/font][b][b]Comparative Analysis of Package Warpage Using Confocal Method and Digital Image Correlation[/b][/b][font=Inter, -apple-system, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif][size=18px][color=#212121][/color][/size][/font][/b][*][b]【期刊】：IEEE[/b][*][b][/b][*][b]【链接】：[url=https://www.wiley.com/en-cn/Handbook+of+Measurement+in+Science+and+Engineering%2C+2+Volume+Set-p-9781118384633]Comparative Analysis of Package Warpage Using Confocal Method and Digital Image Correlation | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore[/url][/b]

求：电化学工作站PARSTAT2273和PGSTAT302N的比较 请教各位高手，本单位（钢铁冶金测耐腐蚀）想购买电化学工作站，以上两个型号那个比较适用？

1F.E. MassothCharacterization of Molybdena CatalystsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 27, Pages 265-310 (1979)2H.A. Benesi, B.H.C. WinquistSurface Acidity of Solid CatalystsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 27, Pages 97-182 (1979)3Georg-Maria SchwabElectronics of Supported CatalystsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 27, Pages 1-22 (1979)4G.A. SomorjaiActive Sites in Heterogeneous CatalysisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 26, Pages 1-68 (1977)5Helmut Knö uzingerSpecific Poisoning and Characterization of Catalytically Active Oxide SurfacesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 25, Pages 184-271 (1976)6Roger C. BaetzoldApplication of Molecular Orbital Theory to CatalysisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 25, Pages 1-55 (1976)7Miloš Smutek, Slavoj Č erný , Františ ek BuzekAnalysis of Thermal Desorption Data for Adsorption StudiesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 24, Pages 343-395 (1975)8R.P. Cooney, G. Curthoys, Nguyen The TamLaser Raman Spectroscopy and Its Application to the Study of Adsorbed SpeciesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 24, Pages 293-342 (1975)9Jack H. LunsfordElectron Spin Resonance in CatalysisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 22, Pages 265-344 (1972)

实验室新进一台PARSTAT2273电化学工作站，在使用方面希望能得到相关朋友的指导，谢谢QQ406797539

[b][b]【[/b]序号】：1【作者】：[/b]Yeqing Wang，Chengtao Wang[b]【题名】：[size=16px][color=#222222][b] [b][b][b]Zeolite Fixed Metal Nanoparticles: New Perspective in Catalysis[/b][/b][/b][/b][/color][/size]【期刊】：[b][i][/i][b][/b][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px][i][/i][/size][/font][i][/i][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px][i]Acc. Chem. Res.[/i][/size][/font][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px] [/size][/font][/b]【年、卷、期、起止页码】：[b][b][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px][/size][/font][b][b][font=&][size=16px][color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.79)][/color][/size][/font][b][b][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px]2021[/size][/font][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px], 54[/size][/font][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px], 11[/size][/font][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px], 2579–2590[/size][/font][/b][/b][font=&][size=16px][color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.79)][/color][/size][/font][/b][/b][font=Roboto, arial, sans-serif][size=12px][/size][/font][/b][/b]【全文链接】：[color=#222222][url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124830]https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00074[/url][/color][/b]

1Ta-Chin Wei, Jonathan PhillipsThermal and Catalytic Etching: Mechanisms of Metal Catalyst ReconstructionAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 41, Pages 359-421 (1996)2Kirill Ilych Zamaraev, John Meurig ThomasStructural and Mechanistic Aspects of the Dehydration of Isomeric Butyl Alcohols over Porous Aluminosilicate Acid CatalystsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 41, Pages 335-358 (1996)3Bruno NotariMicroporous Crystalline Titanium SilicatesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 41, Pages 253-334 (1996)4Toshio Okuhara, Noritaka Mizuno, Makoto MisonoCatalytic Chemistry of Heteropoly CompoundsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 41, Pages 113-252 (1996)5Norman Sheppard, Carlos De La CruzVibrational Spectra of Hydrocarbons Adsorbed on Metals: Part I. Introductory Principles, Ethylene, and the Higher Acyclic AlkenesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 41, Pages 1-112 (1996)

我用 princeton的parstat2273测一个陶瓷样品的阻抗谱，前两天测试没有什么问题，现在无法测了，出现以下提示potential overload:check reference electrode。软件的设定参数如下 Cell Definition: Potentiostat: PARstat 2273 Revision 2273 Analyzer: Calibration Dataset: 2273 Z Calibration from Calibrations.mdb Working Electrode: Solid Electrode Working Electrode Area: 1.000 cm? Reference Electrode: (unspecified) (0.000 V)Scan Definition: Start Frequency: 1.00 MHz End Frequency: 100. mHz Number of Points: 30 Point Spacing: Logarithmic AC Level: 10.0 mV rms DC Potential: 0.0000 V vs open circuit Data Quality: 1 Measurement Delay: disabledPreScan Definition: Pulsing Conditioning disabled Initial Open Circuit Delay: disabled Open circuit: 0.003 V (Measured) Equilibration Time: disabledOptions: Current Ranging: Fully Automatic Rise Time: Automatic - Single Ended Electrometer Ignore external WAIT line in: YES Issue trigger out before starting experiment: NO External input enabled: NO Reset potentiostat before starting experiment: YES Turn cell off when done: YES哪位用过这个仪器的，给指点一下是怎么回事？

“2016第十届中国科学仪器发展年会(Annual Conference of China Scientific Instruments 2016，简称ACCSI2016)将于2016年4月22日在北京京仪大酒店隆重召开!　　这里总结科学仪器新技术及研究前沿；洞察科学仪器产业发展局限、瓶颈；剖析科学仪器行业市场运行态势；预测科学仪器行业发展趋势；揭秘科学仪器行业资本运作神秘面纱；探索科学仪器行业资本市场改革策略......　　当然不止这些，仪器风云榜颁奖盛典汇聚优秀新产品、研发特别贡献奖、最具成长潜力企业......　　2006-2016，ACCSI2016 十周年大Party，"饕餮盛宴"已备，这里有你，有我，也有他......动动您的手指，这里必将精彩纷呈，好戏不断!

这是一套美国TA公司的著名热分析软件，TA Universal Analysis 2000，适用于TA公司的全部热分析仪器和流变仪。该版本软件于2009年初从该公司FTP站点上下载，应该是最新的，但是现该网站已不能匿名登录。前一时期，经常有网友询问想使用这个软件；因此，特在此给需要的版友试用，共600Mb，受上传文件大小限制，分解成13个压缩文件，需全部下载后才能解压。解压前，请先将下载文件的名称逐一改为资料标题的名称。否则，如果文件名未按数字序列排列，有可能解压过程无法进行。其中仪器控制功能在未联仪器主机时是不能使用的，只能用来分析数据。因此建议不联机的版友只选装数据分析部分即可。[url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145570.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part01.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145571.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part02.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145576.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part03.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145602.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part04.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145623.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part05.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145631.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part06.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145632.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part07.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145643.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part08.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145654.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part09.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145663.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part10.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145665.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part11.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145667.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part12.rar[/url][url=http://www.instrument.com.cn/download/shtml/145668.shtml]TA热分析软件，TA-Adv 5.0.1.part13.rar[/url]以下是2018年11月，TA公司发布的Advantage Software v5.5.22 版本，850Mb，应该是最新版的（我没有用过，360才能解压）。DetailsSupported Operating Systems: 32 & 64-bit versions of Windows 7, 8, & 10 Ultimate, Enterprise & Professional.待续很遗憾，好像这儿不能上传了，搞了几次都不行

【序号】： 1【作者】： Tracy J. Benson, Prashant R. Daggolu, Rafael A. Hernandez, Shetian Liu, Mark G. White【题名】： Catalytic Deoxygenation Chemistry: Upgrading of Liquids Derived from Biomass Processing【期刊】： Advances in Catalysis, Volume 56, Pages 187-353 (2013)【全文链接】：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124201736000036【序号】： 2【作者】： Robert Schl最氀【题名】： Carbon in Catalysis【期刊】： Advances in Catalysis, Volume 56, Pages 103-185 (2013)【全文链接】：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124201736000024【序号】： 3【作者】： Karl D. Hammond, Wm. Curtis Conner Jr.【题名】： Analysis of Catalyst Surface Structure by Physical Sorption【期刊】： Advances in Catalysis, Volume 56, Pages 1-101 (2013)【全文链接】：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124201736000012【序号】： 4【作者】： Harun Tüysüz, Ferdi Schüth【题名】： Ordered Mesoporous Materials as Catalysts【期刊】： Advances in Catalysis, Volume 55, Pages 127-239 (2012)【全文链接】：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855169000028【序号】： 5【作者】： Takashi Takei, Tomoki Akita, Isao Nakamura, Tadahiro Fujitani, Mitsutaka Okumura, Kazuyuki Okazaki, Jiahui Huang, Tamao Ishida, Masatake Haruta【题名】： Heterogeneous Catalysis by Gold【期刊】： Advances in Catalysis, Volume 55, Pages 1-126 (2012)【全文链接】：http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855169000016

中文名称: 帕斯卡 　 外文名: Pascal，Blaise 　 生卒年: 公元1623-1662 　 洲: 欧洲 　 国别: 法国 　 省: 奥弗涅的克莱蒙费朗 　 帕斯卡是法国著名的数学家、物理学家、哲学家和散文家。1623年6月19日诞生于法国多姆山省克莱蒙费朗城。帕斯卡没有受过正规的学校教育。他4岁时母亲病故，由受过高等教育、担任政府官员的父亲和两个姐姐负责对他进行教育和培养。他父亲是一位受人尊敬的数学家，在其精心地教育下，帕斯卡很小时就精通欧几里得几何，他自己独立地发现出欧几里得的前32条定理，而且顺序也完全正确。12岁独自发现了 “三角形的内角和等于180度”后，开始师从父亲学习数学。1631年帕斯卡随家移居巴黎。父亲发现帕斯卡很有出息，在他16岁那年，满心喜欢地带他参加巴数学家和物理学家小组（法国巴黎科学院的前身）的学术活动，让他开开眼界，17岁时帕斯卡写成了数学水平很高的《圆锥截线论》一文，这是他研究德扎尔格关于综合射影几何的经典工作的结果。1641年帕斯卡又随家移居鲁昂。1642年到1644年间帮助父亲做税务计算工作时，帕斯卡发明了加法器，这是世界上最早的计算器，现陈列于法国博物馆中。1610年他接受了宗教教义，但仍致力于科学实验活动，到1653年之间，帕斯卡集中精力进行关于真空和流体静力学的研究，取得了一系列重大成果。1647年重返巴黎居住。他根据托里拆利的理论，进行了大量的实验，1647年的实验曾轰动整个巴黎，他自己说：他的实验根本指导思想是，反对“自然厌恶真空”的传统观念。1647年到1648年，他发表了有关真空问题的论文。1648年帕斯卡设想并进行了对同一地区不同高度大气压强测量的实验，发现了随着高度降低，大气压强增大的规律。在这几年中，帕斯卡在实验中不断取得新发现，并且有多项重大发明，如发明了注射器、水压机，改进了托里拆利的水银气压计等。1649年到1651年，帕斯卡同他的合作者皮埃尔（Perier）详细测量同一地点的大气压变化情况，成为利用气压计进行天气预报的先驱。1651拥帕斯卡开始总结他的实验成果，到1654年写成了《液体平衡及空气重量的论文集》，1663年正式出版。此后帕斯卡转入了神学研究，1655年他进入神学中心披特垒阿尔。他从怀疑论出发，认为感性和理性知识都不可靠，从而得出信仰高于一切的结论。　　1662年8月19日帕斯卡逝世，终年39岁。后人为纪念帕斯卡，用他的名字来命名压强的单位，简称“帕”。研究领域：帕斯卡的成就是多方面的。他在数学和物理学方面所做出的贡献，在科学史上占有极其重要的地位。　　帕斯卡的数学造诣很深。除对概率论等方面有卓越贡献外，最突出的是著名的帕斯卡定理－－他在《关于圆锥曲线的论文》中提出的。帕斯卡定理是射影几何的一个重要定理，即“圆锥曲线内接六边形其三对边的交点共线”。　　在代数研究中，他发表过多篇关于算术级数及二项式系数的论文，发现了二项式展开式的系数规律，即著名的“帕斯卡三角形”。（在我国称“杨辉三角形”），他与费马共同建立了概率论和组合论的基础，并得出了关于概率论问题的一系列解法。他研究了摆线问题，得出了不同曲线面积和重心的一般求法。他计算了三角函数和正切的积分，最早引入了椭圆积分。　　帕斯卡在物理学方面的研究中也是功绩卓著。其最重要的成果是于1653年首次提出了“帕斯卡定律”。定律指出：“加在密闭流体任一部分的压强，必然按照其原来的大小由流体向各个方向传递。”现代的一切应用着的液压机械，都是帕斯卡定律的具体应用，尤其是近些年来，液压科学又以更崭新的面貌应用于现代科学技术之中。作品:1、1639年，他发表了一篇出色的数学论文《论圆锥曲线》2、他撰写的哲学名著《思想录》3、帕斯卡发现了大气压强随着高度的规律。他不仅重复了托里拆利实验，而且验证了他自己的推论：既然大气 压力是由空气重量产生的，那么在海拔越高的地方，玻璃管中的液柱就应该越短。4、《致外省人书》5、1641年，帕斯卡发明了加法器6、《关于圆锥曲线的论文

【序号】：1【作者】：GuoxiangLiaMichaelSteinerbXuejianZhuaAihuaYangcHaifengWangaBernd D.Erdtmannb【题名】：Early Cambrian metazoan fossil record of South China: Generic diversity and radiation patterns【期刊】：Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology【年、卷、期、起止页码】：Volume 254, Issues 1–2, 8 October 2007, Pages 229-249https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.017【全文链接】：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018207001836#:~:text=South%20China%20with%20its%20rich%20fossil%20record%20is,China%20allows%20a%20quantitative%20analysis%20of%20biodiversity%20changes.万分感谢，感谢诸位朋友帮助！！！！

1Jan C.J. BartNear-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in CatalysisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 34, Pages 203-296 (1986)2W. Curtis Conner Jr., G.M. Pajonk, S.J. TeichnerSpillover of Sorbed SpeciesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 34, Pages 1-79 (1986)3M. Che, A.J. TenchCharacterization and Reactivity of Molecular Oxygen Species on Oxide SurfacesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 32, Pages 1-148 (1983)4K. KlierMethanol SynthesisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 31, Pages 243-313 (1982)5M. Che, A.J. TenchCharacterization and Reactivity of Mononuclear Oxygen Species on Oxide SurfacesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 31, Pages 77-133 (1982)6M.W. RobertsPhotoelectron Spectroscopy and Surface ChemistryAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 29, Pages 55-95 (1980)7Robert J. MadixReaction Kinetics and Mechanism on Metal Single Crystal SurfacesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 29, Pages 1-53 (1980)8T. Engel, G. ErtlElementary Steps in the Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Platinum MetalsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 28, Pages 1-78 (1979)9John W. MayDiscovery of Surface Phases by Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED)Advances in Catalysis, Volume 21, Pages 151-280 (1970)

1. Elemental and Matrix CompatibilityQuestions around matrix and elemental compatibility are encountered by all of us on a regular basis. This section addresses this question. Technique and calculations will be discussed in part 3 of this guide.Nitric Acid Matrices Most analysts prefer nitric acid (HNO3) matrices due to the solubility of the nitrates as well as its oxidizing ability and the relative freedom from chemical and spectral interferences as compared to acids containing Cl, S, F, or P. In addition, HNO3 is very popular in acid digestion sample preparations.The elements that are stable/soluble and commonly diluted in aqueous/HNO3 are shaded in red below:[img]http://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2005/03/200503211927_2841_1633886_3.gif[/img](1) Os should never be mixed with HNO3 due to the formation of the very volatile OsO4.(2) Cl is oxidized to molecular Cl2 which is volatile and adsorbs on plastic.(3) Br and I are oxidized to molecular Br2 and I2 which adsorb onto plastic.(4) Dilutions of Hg and Au in HNO3 below 100 ppm should be stored in borosilicate glass due to Hg+2 adsorption on plastic.(5) Not soluble above concentrations of 1000 礸/mL. (6) Trace levels of HCl or Cl- will form AgCl, which will photoreduce to Ag0.F Denotes that the element can be diluted in HNO3 if complexed with F-.Cl Denotes that the element can be diluted in HNO3 if complexed with Cl-.HF Denotes that the element should have excess HF present when diluted with HNO3.T Denotes that the tartaric acid complex can be diluted in HNO3.Hydrochloric Acid Matrices The use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the next most popular acid matrix. HCl is volatile and it is corrosive to the instrument and it's electronics therefore, exposure should be kept to a minimum.The elements that can be diluted in HCl are shaded in blue below:[img]http://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2005/03/200503211928_2842_1633886_3.gif[/img](1) Concentrated (35%) HCl will keep up to 100 礸/mL of Ag+ in solution as the Ag(Cl)X-(X-1) complex. For more dilute solutions, the HCl can be lowered such that 10% HCl will keep up to 10 礸/mL Ag in solution. NOTE: The Ag(Cl)X-(X-1) complex is photosensitive and will reduce to Ag0 when exposed to light. HNO3 solutions of Ag+ are not photosensitive.(2) Parts-per-billion (ppb) dilutions of Hg+2 in HCl are more stable to adsorption on the container walls than are dilutions in HNO3.F Denotes that the element is more stable to hydrolysis if complexed with F-. In the case of Si and Ge the fluoride complex is generally considered a necessity.Water at pH of 7 Dilutions in water at pH 7 are not as common for most elements but may be required to prevent chemical reactions of some of the compounds containing the element. Please note that solutions at pH 7 may support biological growth and therefore the long-term stability should be questioned.Those elements that may have an advantage to being diluted in water at pH 7 are shaded in yellow below:[img]http://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2005/03/200503211929_2843_1633886_3.gif[/img]F Denotes that Si is more stable to polymerization forming polysilicic acid when complexed with F-.Hydrofluoric Acid Matrices Hydrofluoric acid (HF) requires the use of HF-resistant introduction systems. These systems are more expensive than glass, have longer washout times, and give a larger measurement precision. However, there are times when the use of HF offers a major advantage over other reagents.Those elements where an HF matrix may be optimal are shaded in green below:[img]http://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2005/03/200503211930_2844_1633886_3.gif[/img](1) HF is used for Si3N4 preparations and other nitrides.Sulfuric Acid Matrices Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly used in preparations and therefore added to standards in combination with other acids.Elements that either benefit or comfortably tolerate the presence of H2SO4 are shaded in orange below:[img]http://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2005/03/200503211931_2845_1633886_3.gif[/img](1) Dilutions of Hg and Au in H2SO4 below 100 ppm should be stored in borosilicate glass due to adsorption on plastic.(2) Trace levels of HCl or Cl- will form AgCl, which will photoreduce to Ag0.F Denotes that the element can be diluted in H2SO4 if complexed with F-.Cl Denotes that the element can be diluted in H2SO4 if complexed with Cl-.HF Denotes that the element should have excess HF present when diluted with H2SO4.T Denotes that the tartaric acid complex can be diluted in H2SO4.Phosphoric Acid Matrices Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is not commonly used in preparations since it attacks glass, quartz, porcelain, and Pt containers at elevated temperatures (greater than 100 °C). However, the presence of 3PO4 will not adversely effect any of the elements at low 礸/mL levels and below.

Particle Size Analyzer is used to determine the size of particles. Particles are small in a wide range of sizes.They involve nearly all materials processed in industry,some are broad in size distribution and some are coarse in size itself.This is talking about the concepts of particle size and its measurement.Usually when we are talking about particle size distribution we mean cumulative distribution specifically cumulative undersize particle size distribution such as D10,D50,D90. Among which D90/D10 ratio is very important. In actual industry we usually see dry powders everywhere, however we also can see some particles in other forms such as emulsions, suspensions. When it comes to the error sources of particle size measurement, it involves the following procedures during sampling, dispersion as well as relevant measurement techniques.Some particles are fine, the finess of particles contributes the form and performance of the products. Sometime we also measure gas bubbles in medium, it is a good practice in particle size analysis.Particles are industrially processed from natural products and the knowledge of methods for particle characterization is very important for quality control. Some particle exist in liquid mixtures but under laser diffraction technology we can also give the mean diameter,median diameter.During the test we have to pay attention to the medium we use.Some particles are usually in monodisperse system or we call it monosized.

【序号】：1【作者】：G. Bahnweg and Ch. E. Bland【题名】：Comparative Physiology and Nutrition of Lagenidium callinectes and Haliphthorosmilfordensis, Fungal Parasites of Marine Crustaceans【期刊】：Botanica Marina【年、卷、期、起止页码】：1980，Volume 23 Issue 11,689-698【全文链接】：https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/botm-1980-1105/html

从国外（韩国）弄到一份检验标准，流动相是乙腈：水：稀硫酸=96.5:3.3:0.2，拿到的图是20分钟出峰，但是我自己按这个条件2分钟就出峰了用的是普通C18柱子，因为标准写的0pmitapak 4.6*250mm，不知道是什么柱子，也没查到是什么柱子，望哪位大侠伸手相救！！！

1Yoshihiko Moro-Oka, Wataru UedaMulticomponent Bismuth Molybdate Catalyst: A Highly Functionalized Catalyst System for the Selective Oxidation of OlefinAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 40, Pages 233-273 (1994)2R.R. Chianelli, M. Daage, M.J. LedouxFundamental Studies of Transition-Metal Sulfide Catalytic MaterialsAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 40, Pages 177-232 (1994)3Hartmut Wendt, Sven Rausch, Thomas BorucinskiAdvances in Applied ElectrocatalysisAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 40, Pages 87-176 (1994)4Isao Mochida, Kinya SakanishiCatalysis in Coal LiquefactionAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 40, Pages 39-85 (1994)5Harold H. KungOxidative Dehydrogenation of Light (C2 to C4) AlkanesAdvances in Catalysis, Volume 40, Pages 1-38 (1994)