盘点全球生物安全顶级实验室
近日埃博拉疫情的日益严峻,美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织都将埃博拉疫情响应升至最高级别,这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光,转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器、也几乎是必备神器¾ 生物安全4级实验室,生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4), 生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室,这个P可不是个屁,是指Pathogen(病原) or Protection(保护)。说生物安全4级实验室是生物安全顶级实验室,不仅仅是指生物安全方面是顶级的,最高的,其造价也是最贵的,因此,数量很少,即使是在全球范围内,生物安全4级实验室也只有56个,这还包括一些正在建设中的(参见下表)。序号 名 字 位 置建设时间 说 明 1Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of HealthAustralia, Queensland, Coopers Plains 2Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea2013 3University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women' s Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)Australia, Queensland, Herston 4Australian Animal Health LaboratoryAustralia, Victoria, Geelong 5National High Security LaboratoryAustralia, Victoria, North Melbourne National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. 6Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and MicrobiologyBelarus, Minsk Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies 7National Microbiology LaboratoryCanada, Manitoba, Winnipeg Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 8Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of SciencesChina, Hubei, Wuhan2003Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli. 9Biological Defense CenterCzech Republic, Pardubice, Těchoní n1971, rebuilt 2003-2007Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13] 10Laboratoire P4 Jean Mé rieuxFrance, Rhô ne-Alpes, Lyon######Jean Mé rieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4. 11Centre International de Recherches Mé dicales de FrancevilleGabon This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa' s only P4 lab (BSL-4). 12Robert Koch InstituteGermany, Berlin The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008. 13Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineGermany, Hamburg 14Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of RiemsGermany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)2010Deals especially with virology 15Philipps University of MarburgGermany, Marburg2008The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms 16High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)India, Bhopal1998This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats. 17Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologyIndia, Hyderabad2009National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine. 18All India Institute of Medical SciencesIndia, New Delhi1993Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines. 19Microbial Containment ComplexIndia, Pune2012Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology 20Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi SaccoItaly, Lombardy, Milan A university hospital in Polo Universitario it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons. 21Istituto Nazionale Malattie InfettiveItaly, Lazio, Rome This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital. 22National Institute for Infectious DiseasesJapan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities. 23Institute of Physical and Chemical ResearchJapan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility. 24Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)Netherlands, Bilthoven2009 25Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)Romania, Bucharest 26"Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military HospitalRomania, Bucharest 27State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTORRussia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled. 28National Institute for Communicable DiseasesSouth Africa, Johannesburg National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent. 29Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease ControlSweden, Solna Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia' s P4 facility. 30University Hospital of GenevaSwitzerland 31Spiez LaboratorySwitzerland, Spiez 32Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease ControlTaiwan Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan. 33Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National DefenseTaiwan 34Health Protection Agency' s Centre for InfectionsUnited Kingdom, Colindale Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit. 35National Institute for Medical ResearchUnited Kingdom, London 36Institute for Animal HealthUnited Kingdom, Pirbright 37Institute for Animal Health Compton LaboratoryUnited Kingdom, Compton 38Defence Science and Technology LaboratoryUnited Kingdom, Porton Down 39Health Protection AgencyUnited Kingdom, Porton Down Special Pathogens Reference Unit. 40Health Protection AgencyUnited Kingdom, Porton Down Botulism. 41Francis Crick Institute[22]United Kingdom, London Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents. 42Centers for Disease Control and PreventionUnited States, Georgia, Atlanta Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. 43Georgia State UniversityUnited States, Georgia, Atlanta Is an older design "glovebox" facility. 44National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State UniversityUnited States, Kansas, Manhattan Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed. 45National Institutes of Health (NIH)United States, Maryland, Bethesda Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents. 46Integrated Research FacilityUnited States, Maryland, Fort Detrick Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest. 47National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security. 48US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick1969Old building 49US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick2017?New building, currently under construction 50National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston UniversityUnited States, Massachusetts, Boston Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval. 51NIAID Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesUnited States, Montana, Hamilton National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 52Kent State University, Kent CampusUnited States, Ohio, Kent Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA. 53Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment FacilityUnited States, Texas, Galveston Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23] 54Shope LaboratoryUnited States, Texas, Galveston Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). 55Texas Biomedical Research InstituteUnited States, Texas, San Antonio The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. 56Division of Consolidated Laboratory ServicesUnited States, Virginia, Richmond This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity. (表中内容参考http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4 ) 如上表所示,这56个生物安全顶级实验室遍布世界五大洲,其中非洲大陆只有两个,分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言,美国最多,有15个,其中包括一个正在建设中的、隶属军队的实验室,还包括一个归私人所有的P4实验室(位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute,德州生物医学研究所),该P4实验室的私人属性(而非归国家所有)恐怕不仅在美国绝无仅有,恐怕在世界范围内都是独一无二的。 从上表可以看出,我国唯一的一个P4实验室,位于中科院武汉病毒所。仅仅这一个独苗,目前尚且没有建成,俗话说&ldquo 十年磨一剑&rdquo ,但是这个&ldquo 剑&rdquo 已经磨了11年目前还不知何时才能正式磨成。根据《第一财经日报》的报道,&ldquo 这个中国第一个也是唯一一个P4实验室,前期基础建设投入约2亿。&hellip &hellip 武汉P4实验室目前还没有建成,硬件和软件方面都需要推进。&hellip &hellip .如果顺利的话,到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果,但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。&rdquo (参考:http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2014-08-06/01449537048.shtml)现在的埃博拉疫情相信会推动该实验室的建设速度。从报道和上表的内容可以看出,我国目前尚没有独立设计、建设P4实验室的能力,核心技术采用的是法国的。 值得一提的是,我国目前人口全球第一、GDP和研发经费全球第二,但是居然连一个已经建成使用的P4实验室都没有,应该说这在国际上都是很&hellip 、说不过去的事情,穷如非洲的加蓬都有一个(当然这个也是由法国援建和参与管理的),连经济和总体科技水平都不如中国的印度都有4个P4实验室,即使是被许多人贬弹丸之地的中国台湾都有2个P4实验室,当然虽然我们都政治正确地说是中国台湾,人家的两个实验室其实和中国大陆没有半毛钱关系,自己根本用不上。 需要说明的是, 除了埃博拉病毒必须要在P4实验室操作外,还有其他一些高致病性病毒,如马尔堡病毒,拉萨(Lassa)病毒, 克里米亚- 刚果出血热病毒, 玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒以及其它出血热病毒等。作者:王守业