第九章 动词如何转换成名词
动名词（Gerund）和不定词（Infinitive）
9§1 问题的来源
对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，sing是动词，绝不能当很名词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说
＊Sing is good for you. 或者是 ＊I like sing.
既然sing是动词，也没有一个〝sing〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用动名词（gerund）和不定词（infinitive）来将一个动词改成一个名词。
9§2 动名词（Gerund）
所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上ing，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。请看以下的例子：
I like singing.
Playing basketball is good for you.
Do you enjoy listening to classical music?
Is traveling around the world meaningful to you?
Studying English is not difficult.
我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：
1.动名词可用作主词，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed by many people.
Taking drugs is avoided by most people.
Being kind to others is important for every one.
Respecting your parents shows good character.
2.动名词可以用作动词的受词，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking long distances.
I have never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
3.动名词可以用作介系词（preposition）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，at, in, about, of, on等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的受词。
动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：
This book is about traveling.
He is responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing programs.
You just keep on going straight.

在下面，我们要给各位更多有关gerund的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个动名词是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every morning.
He likes walking in the woods.
Are you interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to students.
In addition to traveling, he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by helping others.
He is worried about being late.
I finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
He has never finished writing the novel.
She is in change of teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the summer camp.
Please stop joking about my brother.
I look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going abroad.
I consider gambling a bad thing to do.
I have never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to sleeping late.
Are you tired of driving for so long?
You should forgive others for doing wrong things.
He insists on getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my concert.
He is used to studying alone.
They are not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to others.
I object to seeing dirty movies.
You should take advantage of studying in such a good place.
【练习三十八】
改正以下的错误
1.＊Play tennis is fun.
2.＊I hate swim.
3.＊Stop talk about me.
4.＊In addition to read interesting books, you should also watch TV from time to time.
5.＊I am not interested in swim.
6.＊He talks about go to America.
7.＊I believe in do exercise every day.
8.＊The cost of transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.＊Please forgive me for make this mistake.
10.＊Swim keeps me from getting cold.
【练习三十九】
填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。
1. I am interested (listen) to music.
2. Please forgive me (be) so late.
3. In addition (study) , you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked (build) a house next year.
5. Thank you (help) me.
6. He is excited (travel) to Japan.
7. I am looking forward (meet) you.
8. He insists (talk) to me personally.
9. I believe (exercise) every day.
10. Did you participate that (swim) match.
11. He was not used (listen) to classic music.
12. My mother objected (visit) my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed (go) to bed so late.
14. I am interested (swim) .
15. Are you responsible (write) this report?
16. He is excited (see) me tomorrow.
17. He is looking forward (see) that movie.
18. I am not used (hear) that kind of noise.
19. You should take advantage (have) such a good family.
20.He is in charge (send) students to other schools.
【练习四十】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子：
1.我不喜欢跳舞。
2.你对游泳有兴趣吗？
3.打蓝球是有趣的。
4.我们昨天谈到（talk about）教英文的事。
5.我不习惯（be not used to）抽烟。
6.我反对（object to）在公开场合哭泣（cry in public）。
7.除了游泳以外，他还应该打棒球（用in addition to）。
8.他可以（be capable of）每天跑一公里。
9.他负责（be in charge of）找寻一个好的地方。
10.我已习惯了（be accustomed to）早起。
9§3 不定词（Infinitives）
不定词＝to＋动词的原式。例如to go, to love, to eat等等，都是不定词，不定词和动名词的用法相似，以下全是用不定词用作名词的例子：
To love is to forgive.
To forgive your enemies will make you happy.
I like to eat chicken.
I asked my brother to come here.
He continued to read.
也许读者发现了不定词和动名词不同的地方：不定词不能用在介系词的后面，以下的句子都是错的：
＊I am interested in to play piano.
＊He is worried about to go abroad.
＊I am in charge of to prepare for the party.
如何将不定词用成名词呢？
1.不定词可以用作主词：如
To play tennis is great fun.
To play safe in the stock market is necessary.
To be kind to others is important for every one.
To respect your parents shows good character.
2.不家词可以用成很多动词的受词：
I like to swim.
He loves to listen to jokes.
My brother seems to be different.
I agree to lend him money.
Do you like to sing?
3.不定词可以跟在代名词的后面，形式如下：
动词（verb）＋代名词（pronoun）＋不定词（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard.
I asked my brother to come back home.
He expects his friends to help him.
My teacher told me to wait for him.
I invited my sister to go to see a movie.

4.不定词常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：
He was told to work hard.
My brother was asked to come back home.
His friend is expected to help me.
I was told by my teacher to wait.
My sister was invited to go to see a movie.
以下是更多的不定词例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive.
I love to swim in cold weather.
He agreed to listen to my story.
He decided to go anyway.
I told him to buy my book.
I invited him to come to my house.
I asked him to cook for me tonight.
Students are asked to work hard.
He needs to work hard.
I want you to send this letter to my father.
He requires every student to read one novel every week.
Every student is required to read one novel every week.
读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定词互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定词，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定词。
有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定词：love, like, hate, start, begin,以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：
Enjoy I enjoy eating good food.
Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others.
Avoid You should avoid making mistakes.
keep on Keep on working hard.
keep Keep singing.
consider He considered leaving home.
finish He finished writing this book.
suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee?
discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand.
以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定词
agree I agree to sign this letter.
plan He plans to go away.
want They want to rent a car.
decide He decided to work hard.
seem He seems to be very happy.
appear He appears to be very sad.
一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽烟了
stop to smoke 指停下来，开始抽烟
9§4 动名词和不定词的被动和否定形式
将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved.
This cup needs to be washed.
Being trusted is important.
I told him not to leave this house.
He asked me not to cry.
I was told not to fall asleep in class.
To be given a good gift on ｃｈｒistmas Eve makes me happy.
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me.
【练习四十一】
将下面的空格填入动名词或不定词
1. I enjoy (listen) to rock and roll music.
2. I asked him (go) away.
3. He was asked (leave).
4. I suggest (have) some fun.
5. He seems (be) a kind person.
6. You appear (be) quite tired.
7. I told him (have) a cup of wine.
8. I invited him (come) over.
9. Every one of you is required (work) hard.
10. Do you like (swim)?
11. I ordered him (read) my book.
12. I was expected (write) a letter to you.
13. He asked me (read) this letter to him.
14. Please keep (talk) to me.
15. Stop (drive) so fast. It is dangerous to drive too fast.
16. I hate (smoke).
17. (pass) the test is important.
18. (work) hard is the key to success.
19. My wife asked me to (bring) some flowers home.
20. He avoided (tell) lies.
【练习四十二】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1.我请（invite）他到我家来。
2.我教（teach）他游泳。
3.被人爱令人快乐。
4.我讨厌（hate）抽烟。
5.我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。
6.不要再（stop）抽烟了。
7.每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。
8.我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定词的简式
不定词中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说
＊I let him to leave.
而一定要说
I let him leave.
我们也不能说
＊I made him to work hard.（我使他努力工作）
而一定要说
I made him work hard.
以下的动词后面，不定词的后面都要省掉to。
动词 例句
let My mother let me watch TV tonight.
make He makes his students respect teachers.
have He had his sons clean their rooms.
see I saw him run away.
hear I heard the birds sing.
watch I watched the kids play.
notice I noticed her cry.
因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定词，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的：
＊He made his son ran away from home.
＊I saw him walked away..
＊I have never heard him sang any song.
Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定词中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的：
I helped him wash his car.
I helped him to wash his car.
【练习四十三】
以下的句子都有错，请改正：
1.＊He lets his son to drive his car.
2.＊He made me felt happy.
3.＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me.
4.＊I had my son to get up early every morning.
5.＊I helped my father painted his house.
6.＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me.
7.＊I had Mary to marry me.
8.＊This song makes everyone to cry.
9.＊I helped Nancy worked hard.
10.＊He made us to believe him.
11.＊I saw him to play.
12.＊I heard Mary sang several songs.
13.＊I watched her to swim.
14.＊I saw the birds to fly away.

第十章 如何将动词改成形容词
我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，可是在这里，显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词，可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子：
＊ a smile face
＊ a run boy
需知smile和cry都是动词，是不能当作形容词来用的。
可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞，我们很多人会说
＊ People live in Taiwan are rich.
以上的话为什么错呢？因为People是主词，are是动词，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一个动词，不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢？我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词，我们的做法是利用分词（participle）和不定词（infinitive），而分词有两种：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle），我们在下一节，先谈现在分词的用法。
10§1 现在分词（present participle）作为形容词
任何一个动词，都有一个现在分词（present participle），现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing，如：
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中，现在分词都是形容词
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
现在分词不一定放在名词的前面，在以下的句子中，现在分词都在名词的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem（国歌）
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的现在分词，都被用作形容词。
We have a crying baby here.
Seeing is believing.（believing是形容词，seeing是名词）
Loving is forgiving.
He always wears a smiling face.
Running water is important for mankind.
Look at the rising sun.
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong.
The young man driving the red car is rich.
Those boys playing basketball are happy.
This movie is exciting.
This news is very upsetting.
This story is troubling.
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother.
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people.
The person painting the house there is from Mexico.
She has a loving husband.
He is a rising star.
【练习四十四】
将以下的中文句子译成英文，每句都要用现在分词
1. 这是一本有趣的故事。
2. 这门课很无聊（boring）。
3. 看那只在唱歌的鸟。
4. 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5. 住在乡下的人通常很健康。
6. 我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。
7. 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。
8. 那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。
9. 你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗？
10.那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老师。
10§2 过去分词（past participle）作为形容词
在完成式中，我们要用过去分词，过去分词也可以作为形容词，以下是一些例子：
a broken window （破碎的窗）
a fallen angel （堕落的天使）
a fallen star （已经不走红的明星）
a depressed person （一个沮丧的人）
a much appreciated action （为人很欣赏的动作）
究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢？过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。最好的例子是：开发中家叫做a developing ｃｏｕｎｔry，已开发国家就叫做a developed ｃｏｕｎｔry。
以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同：
1. (a)这本书很有趣。
This book is interesting.
(b)我对这本书很有兴趣。
I am interested in this book.
2. (a)这是一部令人沮丧的电影。
This is a depressing movie.
(b)我看了这部电影以后，感到非常沮丧。
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie.
3. (a)结果令人失望。
The result is frustrating.
(b)他因这个结果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because of the result.
4. (a)这个消息真令人难过。
This news is really upsetting.
(b)他们都很难过。
They are all upset.
5. (a)约翰的进步令人鼓舞。
John’s progress is encouraging.
(b)我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by John’s progress.
6. (a)水在烧。
The water is boiling.
(b)这是烧开的水。
This is boiled water.
7.(a)这个消息出人意外。
This news is surprising.
(b)我对这个消息感到意外。
I was surprised by the news.
8. (a)他的谈话令人困惑。
His words are confusing.
(b)他是一个充满困惑的人。
He is a confused person.
记住，以下的句子都是错的：
＊His statements are confused to me.
＊I am interesting in music.
＊He is an interested person.
＊This is indeed a surprised news.
＊This news is encouraged.
正确的句子应该是：
His statements are confusing.
I am interested in music.
He is an interesting person.
This is indeed a surprising news.
This news is encouraging.

以下是含有过去分词的句子，每一个过去分词都用作形容词：
America is a developed ｃｏｕｎｔry.
I found that dog killed in a car accident.
The frustrated student needs help.
I want the report completed before midnight.
He is totally depressed.
They are all frustrated.
The car driven by that young man is a Cadillac.
This book, read by almost every one, was written by Charles Dickens.
This is still an unrealized dream.
Are you interested in music?
I am really surprised to meet you.
I was excited by his arrival.
The girl dressed in white is from Japan.
A depressed person needs love from others.
Millions got killed in the Second World War.
He is a troubled child who needs advice.
I have a broken leg.
Broken glass is all over the place.
千万注意，我们不可以轻易乱用过去分词，以下的句子都是错的：
＊He is suffered.
＊This article will be appeared in the next issue of Science.
正确的说法是：
He suffers.
This article will appear in the next issue of Science.
【练习四十五】
将以下的中文句子译成英文：
1. 我对音乐有兴趣。
2. 这部人人都看过的电影是在好莱坞制作的。
3. 他来自一个破碎的家庭。
4. 这个国家的法律已经崩溃（break down）了。
5. 我因这个消息而感到兴奋。
6. 我们应该帮助那位沮丧的学生。
7. 三个人死于（get killed）这场车祸。
8. 这是一个充满了困惑的学生。
9. 他是一个很有趣的人。
【练习四十六】
填空，全部用现在分词或过去分词：
1. He is totally (confuse).
2. I am (interest) in seeing that movie.
3. This movie is really (excite).
4. That is a (break) promise.
5. He has a (break) arm.
6. Their marriage was (break) up.
7. Justice is still not a (realize) dream.
8. He is a (depress) person.
9. The bicycle (ride) by the young kid is mine.
10. I do not like to see any person (injure).
11. I was very much (surprise) to hear that news.
12. His statements are (encourage).
13. The man (talk) about Hitler is a professor.
14. The man (pilot) the airplane is quite young.
15. The company (manage) by Mr. Lee is getting better and better.
16. Poor John now has a (break) heart.
17. There are boys and girls (dance) in the garden.
18. The (steal) jacket has been found.
19. The boy (laugh) there is not my son.
20. He has a (smile) face.
21. This is indeed very (excite).
22. This song, (hear) by almost everyone, was written by me.
23. I don't like the song (write) by the Beatles.
24. She is a (care) woman.
10§3 不定词（Infinitives）作为形容词和副词
不定词可以用作名词，也可以用作形容词，以下都是不定词用作形容词的例子，要注意的是不定词不会放在名词的前面：
You don't have the right to talk so loudly.
He is to blame.
To see is to believe.（To see是名词，to believe是形容词）
My job is to teach poor kids to learn.
We all have the duty to serve our ｃｏｕｎｔry.
He has a talent to sing.
I don't have time to play.
He is a person to be liked by us all.
This is a book to be read by all students.
He has no money to spend.
This is not a good place for kids to grow up in.
This law is to protect innocent citizens.
I am glad to see you.
He is ready to start a war.
He is rich enough to buy the entire building.
They are afraid to die.
He has no right to kill anyone.
John is too weak to do this job.
My mother is too old to drive a car.
It is easy to fall behind in school.
【练习四十七】
将以下句子改成英文：
1. 我们都有纳税的义务。
2. 我们都有保持缄默（remain silent）的权利。
3. 他有游泳的天才。
4. 我已无钱可花。
5. 我无处可去。
6. 他太累了，不能开车了。（too…..to…..）
7. 我很高兴看到你。
8. 他够聪明，可以进入大学。（enough…..to…..）
9. 我的工作是教小孩英文。
10. 我看到你，感到很意外。（surprised to…...）
11. 我们有很多可谈的事。
12. 他没有可以交谈的朋友。

第十一章 词组（Phrases）和子句（Clauses）
请看以下的句子，特别注意划线的字群：
1. Understanding English is easy.
2. I want you to work hard.
3. Peter, who has been to England, speaks good English.
4. I told him that I was going away.
Understanding English和to work hard有一共同特色，他们都没有主词，也没有动词，这种字群，叫做词组（phrase）。
Who has been to England和I was going away中，内部都有主词和动词，这种字群，叫子句（clause）。
由于我们已经对词组很熟悉，我们在这里不再讨论，而我们在这一章将多多介绍子句的用法。
11§1 问题型式的名词子句
假如我们说〝我不知道他住在哪里〞，或者〝他究竟住在哪里仍是个谜〞，我们就可以用这种问题型式的名词子句，每一个名词子句都要用who, where, whether, which等来开始。以下是典型的例子：
I don't know where he came from.（我不知道他来自何处。）
Whether or not he is an American is still a secret.（他是否是个美国人仍然是个秘密。）
I will find out where he is living.（我要找出他住在哪里。）
I can not remember whether he smokes or not.（我不记得他是否吸烟。）
Please let me know how old he is.（请让我知道他多大年纪。）
Kindly tell me what you really need.（请让我知道你需要什么。）
You have to decide which book you want to buy.（你应该决定买哪一本书。）
Do you know where he is from?（你知道他是从哪里来的？）
Do you know who he is?（你知道他是谁吗？）
Please ask your brother whether he is coming or not.（请问你的兄弟他会不会来。）
When she is coming remains a puzzle.（她何时来仍然是个谜。）
I don't know what he is interested in.（我不知道他的兴趣何在。）
I don't understand what he is talking about.（我不知道他在谈什么。）
Do you know whose bicycle this is?（你知道这辆脚踏车是谁的吗？）
Do you know which ｃｏｕｎｔry Hawaii belongs to?（你知道夏威夷属于哪一个国家吗？）
You should ask your mother where you were born.
（你应该问你的母亲你在哪里生的。）
虽然每一个名词都有问题的意义，我们却不能在名词子句中用问句的型式，因为毕竟这个名词子句仅仅是一个子句而已，它的结尾并不是〝？〞。
因此以下的句子都是错的：
＊I don't know where did he come from.
＊I will find out how old is he.
＊Kindly tell me what do you need.
＊You have to decide which book do you want to buy.
＊When is he coming remains a puzzle.
【练习四十八】
将以下的中文句子译成英文：
1. 我不知道你是谁。
2. 请告诉我你是否是美国人。
3. 我不记得你是否喝咖啡。
4. 请问你的姊姊她去年是否去过日本。
5. 你知道他是谁吗？
6. 他从哪里来的是一个谜（puzzle）。
7. 我要找出他哥哥会不会游泳。
8. 我知道他为何如此悲伤。
9. 你知道玛丽什么时候来吗？
10. 你知道发生了什么事吗？
11. 我知道天空为什么是蓝的。
12. 请告诉我你去年去哪里工作的。
13. 你知道他在谈什么吗？
14. 我不懂他的问题是什么。

【练习四十九】
改错：
1. Please tell me why is he so sad.
2. I do not know where is she from.
3. Please tell me how many people are there in this house.
4. Let me know how old are you.
5. Is he a Japanese is a mystery.
6. Do you know who is the president of the United States?
7. May I ask you which kind of coffee do you like?
8. I can not remember how old am I?
9. What is he talking about is unclear to me.
10. Do you know why is he coming?
【练习五十】
选择适当的代名词，如whether, which, what, who, how, when, why等填入下面句子的空格（有时会有多种正确的填法）：
1. I don't know book you bought.
2. Do you know he is from?
3. Please ask him he drinks tea or not.
4. he is thinking about is well known to all of us.
5. Let me guess old you are.
6. May I ask you are so sad?
7. I don't know he is.
8. Do you know house this is?
9. This is not I want.
10. I don't care you want to say.
11§2 以that开始的名词子句
现在我们先试着翻译以下的句子：
地球是圆的是众所周知的事。
一种直接了当的翻译是：
＊The earth is round is known to everyone.
遗憾的是，以上的句子是不对，我们必须加一个that到名词子句里去，以下的翻译是正确的：
That the earth is round is known to everyone.
我们再来翻译一个中文句子：
我要求他一定要用功念书。
直接了当的翻译可能像下面的：
＊I demand he must work hard.
这是错的，我们应该加一个that在这个名词子句的前面。以下的翻译才是正确的：
I demand that he must work hard.
虽然我们常看到这种that被省略的情形，我们仍希望大家知道，为保险起见，最好不要省掉that。以下是一些例子：
That the sun rises from the west is wrong.（太阳从西方升起是错的）
That a lot of Jews were killed during the Second World War is now a historical fact.
（大批犹太人在第二次大战中被杀是历史上的事实）
I didn't know that he is such a diligent student.（我不知道他是如此勤快的学生）
I demand that you go away.（我要求你离开）
I suggest that you go swimming every morning.（我建议你每天早上游泳）
That we should all respect our parents should be taught to our kids.
（我们该教孩子们尊敬父母）
I don't think that he is a good athlete.（我不认为他是一个好运动员）
Do you think that she is a good actress?（你认为她是一个好的演员吗？）
That he can speak good English helps him.（他能说很好的文，这点对他很有帮助）
I propose that we get married.（我建议我们结婚）
Let us always remember that there are a lot of poor people in the world.
（我们永远记住世界上有很多穷人）
Never forget that we should always love one another.（不要忘记我们应该互相友爱）
I am surprised to find out that he is a Catholic.（我很惊讶地发现他是个天主教徒）
That we lost the game made all of us frustrated.（我们输了，这件事令我们大感沮丧）
I can hardly believe that his English is so good.（我不能相信他的英文如此之好）
【练习五十一】
请将that加到以下句子去：
1.＊I told you you must leave.
2.＊I am glad you are here now.
3.＊He is an American is unknown to us.
4.＊Can you imagine he is Chinese?
5.＊Do you think he is a Chinese?
6.＊Hitler was defeated in the Second World War is an important event in the history of mankind.
7.＊I do not think he is a bad student.
8.＊I am surprised to know she is from Japan.
9.＊It is hard to imagine he does not have a high school diploma.
10.＊Do you believe he is innocent?
11.＊I demand my students they work hard.
12.＊The sun rises in the east is a fact.
【练习五十二】
将以下句子翻译成英文：（用that）
1. 我不相信他是我的哥哥。
2. 我劝（advice）他到美国去。
3. 你相信地球是圆的吗？
4. 我告诉他他一定要读这本书。
5. 我忘记了你是个小孩。
6. 你能相信我会讲英文（speak English）吗？
7. 他没有来令我生气（make me angry）。
8. 我认为他是个好人。
9. 不要忘记世界上有很多穷人。
10. 我知道他教英文。
11. 我从不知道他如此聪明。
12. 我知道他不能来。
13. 我希望他能来。
14. 你相不相信他在台湾长大的？
15. 我无法决定他该不该念大学。
16. 你告诉我他去年到美国了。
17. 这位老师不知道我的爸爸也是老师。
18. 我要问他明天会不会来我家。
19. 你知道这火车到台北吗？
20. 请告诉我你会不会说英文。

这是基础英语啊，不过还是多谢分享了

11§3 形容词子句（Adjective Clauses）
在上二节，子句都是用作名词的。在这一节，我们要介绍一种新的子句，那就是形容词子句。请看以的中文句子：
位在那房子里的人是我的哥哥。
我们不能直接了当地将以上的句子译成：
＊The person live in that house is my brother
第一种办法是将live in the house改成living in the house，也就是说，我们可以将那个中文句子译成下列的形式：
The person living in the house is my brother.
以上的句子中，living in the house是一个词组，我们可以将这个词组改成子句。因此，以下的翻译是正确的：
The person who lives in the house is my brother.
在以上的句子中，who lives in the house是一个子句，因为它有主词，也有动词。他的作用是形容The person，所以是一个形容词子句。
由于形容词子句永远都是在形容一个名词，因此我们在这个子句中必需有一个代名词（pronoun），像who, when, where, whom等。
以下是一些形容词子句的例子，读者应该弄清楚每一个形容词子句所形容的名词。
The people who live in the ｃｏｕｎｔry are often very healthy.
（住在乡下的人常常很健康）
Do you like people who always talk about themselves.
（你喜欢那些永远讲他自己的人吗？）
The house which we bought last year is located beside a lake.
（我们去年买的房子座落在湖边）
I met your uncle who has a red car.（我遇见了你的有红色汽车的叔叔）
Do you know the author who wrote this novel?（你知道写这本书的作者吗？）
I have been to the house where Charles Dickens lived.
（我曾去过狄更司住过的房子）
I don't remember the year when the Second World War broke out.
（我不记得二次世界大战哪一年爆发的）
Let me know the date when you got married.（让我知道你是哪一天结婚的）
I bought the car which Michael Johnson drove.（我下了麦克强森开的车子）
The storm which hit India last week is very strong.
（上周袭击印度的暴风雨是很强烈的）
I thank all of you who helped me.（我要谢谢所有帮助过我的人）
The girl whom you met last night works in a library.
（你昨晚碰到的女孩子在一个图书馆里工作）
The students whom you taught like you very much.（那些你教过的学生很喜欢你）
I like the professor who taught me English.（我喜欢那位教我英文的老师）
In this ｃｏｕｎｔry, there are a lot of students who go to school by bus.
（这个国家有很多学生搭乘公车上学）
Have you heard about the murder case that occurred last night?
（你有没有听到有关昨天晚上发生的谋杀案？）
Those who love others will be loved by others.（爱人者人恒爱之）
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.（他是大家最近在讨论的人）
The party which I went to is interesting.（我去参加的宴会很有趣）
The professor whom I spoke to is very friendly.（这位我和他谈话的教授很和善）
Russia, which this island belongs to, is a big ｃｏｕｎｔry.
（这个岛屿属于俄国，俄国是一个大的国家）
请注意以上最后的四个句子，它们有一个共同的特性，那就是子句的最后一个字是一个介系词（preposition），我们先看第一个句子：
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
这一句话可以分成两个句子来讲
He is a person.
Everyone is talking about him these days.
因此我们将这两句话合并而成为
He is a person whom everyone is talking about these days.
在正式的英文中，我们必须说：
He is a person about whom everyone is talking these days.
再看下一句：
The party Which I went to is interesting.
这句话也可以分成两句来讲：
The party is interesting.
I went to the party.
因此我们将两个句子合并为一个句子：
The party which I went to is interesting.
正式的讲法应该是
The party to which I went is interesting.
同理，在正式英文中，其它二个名词子句中的介系词，也应该放到前面去：
The professor to whom I spoke is very friendly.
Russia, to which this island belongs, is a big ｃｏｕｎｔry.
我们还有一点必须在此指出，请看以下错误的句子：
＊I like the book which you gave it to me.
以上句子中的it是多余的，因为gave的受词是which，不需要加it。
以下的句子都是错的：
＊He is the person whom everyone loves him.
＊He is not the person whom you saw him.
【练习五十三】
将以下句子译成英文：（用形容词子句）
1. 我见到那位开快车的孩子。
2. 我们在讨论那些有问题的学生。
3. 每天游泳的人一定很强壮。
4. 开车送我去火车站的人是我的学生。
5. 你所看到的女孩子是我的妹妹。
6. 我喜欢你所写的诗。
7. 你们谈到的那位教授是我的哥哥。
8. 你们所听到的音乐是蓝调韵律（R & B）。
9. 我喜欢那些有图画的书。
10. 我不知道林肯在哪一个城市出生的。
11. 我很喜欢你送我的CD。
12. 我昨晚看的电影很无聊（boring）。
【练习五十四】
改错：
1.＊I saw the man who you talked about.
2.＊He is not the man who we met.
3.＊Those cry very often are usually not liked.
4.＊I like to talk to people which are friendly.
5.＊I enjoy reading the book which you gave it to me.
6.＊Do you know the person which every one knows?
7.＊Peter is a good singer practices singing everyday.
8.＊Do you know Peter who we talked about?
9.＊Did you see the person who I spoke to?
10.＊I have seen the person whom we talked about him.
【练习五十五】
将代名词如when, where, which等填入空格：
1. He is the man is very good in English.
2. I don't know the person you talked to.
3. This is not the house the president lives.
4. I do not like any one cries frequently.
5. Did you read the book you bought last month?
6. Do you know the year the Second World War ended?
7. Do you know that student I taught?
8. I have no idea about the person you are talking about.
9. Do you know he is talking about?
10. Do you know dress it is?

第十二章 冠词（Articles）
假设我们要翻译以下的中文句子：
他是聪明的孩子
也许我们会将以上的句子翻译成以下的句子：
＊ He is clever baby.
这种翻译是错的，boy的前面，必须有一个冠词，英文冠词只有两个：a和the，在这个例子，我们应该加a，因此正确的翻译是：
He is a clever boy.
我们现在再看以下的中文句子：
他是昨天来看我的孩子。
以下的翻译是错的：
＊ He is boy who came to see me yesterday.
为什么错呢？仍然是在于boy前面没有冠词，这次我们必须加the，正确的翻译是：
He is the boy who came to see me yesterday.
一般来说，英文句子的单数名词前面都会有冠词，没有冠词是例外，以下的句子都是错的：
＊ He saw cat.
＊ Swimming is good exercise.
＊ Java is computer language.
＊ King of England died last night.
＊ He is professor who taught me English.
正确的句子是：
He saw a cat.
Swimming is a good exercise.
Java is a computer language.
The King of England died last night.
He is the professor who taught me English.
我们知道大多数的名词前面要加冠词，但究竟要加a，还是the呢？我们在下一节讨论。
12§1 a和the之不同用法
a和the最大的不同，在于a后面的名词不是指定的，而the后面的名词是有所指的。我们不妨看以下的两个句子，他们都是正确的，但意义却不同。
John is a boy.
John is the boy.
〝John is a boy.〞的意思是〝约翰是一个男孩〞，而〝John is the boy.〞的意思就完不同了，我们一定曾经提到过某一个男孩子，而约翰就是那个男孩子。可能的情形是：There is a boy who is very good in mathematics. John is the boy.
我们就以〝国王〞为例，如果我们泛指一般的国王，我们可以用复数，也可以用单数，但必须用a，以下是一些例子：
Kings are also human beings.
Even a king will die sooner or later.
Have you ever met a king ?
I do not like to be a king.
He is an ordinary person, not a king.
如果我们的国王是指某一个特定的国王，就必须用the，举一个例子；如果我们说〝国王万岁〞，我们当然是指我们的国王，因此〝国王万岁〞的翻译就是
Long live the King.
以下的例子都是正确
Here comes the King.
The King is a popular person in our ｃｏｕｎｔry.
Even the King of England can not come in.
读者应该了解，同类型的句子，可以用a，也可以用the，但意义是完全不同的，请看以下的句子：
He is not a boy who would cheat others.
意思是：
他不是那种会欺骗别人的男孩子。
再看以下的句子：
He is not the boy who cheated in an examination yesterday.
他不是昨天在考试中舞弊的男孩。
再看以下的句子：
He is a King.
意思是〝他是一个国王〞。
如果说
He is the King.
意思就完全不同了，这句话的意思是〝他是我们国家的国王〞。
请注意，世界上国王有好多个，如果我们仅仅说他是一个国王，当然没有指定哪一个国家的国王，就用a king，如果我们用the King意思当然指我们共识中的国王。这时的King中的K必须大写，以示尊敬。
我们再举一个例子：
Please open a window.
是指请开一扇窗子，随便哪一扇都可以。
Please open the window.
就不同了，说这句话的人和听这句话的人一定有一个共识，〝the window〞一定是指某一扇特定的窗子，也许这间房子里只有一扇窗，也可能他们谈话中曾经提到某一扇窗，〝the window〞就是指那一扇窗。
我们可以再举一个例，假如我们说，〝我们需要一场大雨〞，我们说
We need a heavy rain.
如果我们说，〝这场雨好大〞，我们说
The rain is really heavy.
有了这个基本观念以后，我们就很容易了解以下句子中，为什么要用the：
I am going to the train station.
The post office is quite near.
Where is the library?
根据这种原则，当我们提到地球，月亮这种独一无二的东西，就必须用the。
the earth
the sun
the moon
the universe
除此以外，the还有一个特殊的用途，我们可以在the的后面加一个形容词，使这两个字变成了一个名词，举例来说：
the rich＝富人
the poor＝穷人
the weak＝弱者
the deaf＝聋人
the blind＝盲人
请注意，以上的名词是复数：
The rich always get richer.
The poor are getting poorer.
The blind are often very sensitive to sounds.
以下是一些用a和the的例子，读者应设法了解句子中为何有时用a，有时用the。
He is a student.
He is the student who can swim very well.
I like to be a teacher.
He is the teacher who taught me English.
The president of the United States in an important person in the world.
I have a son and a daughter.
I have two sons. This is the son who will be a doctor.
I want to be a teacher who is loved by students.
He is not the person whom we talked about.
There is a boat in the river.
This is the boat which we can use.
The rain is going to stop tomorrow.
We need a good rain.
The weather is really bad.
Is there a train station near us?
Where is the station?
Do you know where the post office is?
There is a post office inside that building.
The library looks so good.
The rich should pay more taxes.
We should pay more attentions to the poor.
The blind can also study computer science now.
The earth is round.
The sun never sets in the British Empire.
Do you think we can reach the moon?
How large is the universe?