固态材料样品制备与分析指南（英文）

Table of Contents

Introduction...........................................................................6

Sampling ...............................................................................7

Goals of Specimen Preparation.......................................9

Method Development........................................................9

Sectioning.............................................................................10

Abrasive Wheel Cutting..........................................10

Precision Saws............................................................12

Mounting of Specimens...................................................14

Clamp Mounting.......................................................14

Compression Mounting.........................................14

Castable Resins for Mounting..............................15

Edge Preservation....................................................17

Grinding 20

Grinding Media..........................................................20

Grinding Equipment................................................22

Polishing................................................................................23

Mechanical Polishing..............................................24

Electrolytic Polishing...............................................24

Manual “Hand” Polishing........................................24

Automatic Polishing................................................25

Polishing Clothes......................................................25

Polishing Abrasives..................................................27

Examples of Preparation Procedure............................29

The Traditional Method..........................................29

Contemporary Methods.........................................29

Procedures for Specific Materials.................................32

Periodic Table of Elements....................................33

Light Metals: Al, Mg and Be...................................34

Aluminum..........................................................34

Magnesium.......................................................36

Beryllium............................................................37

Low Melting Point Metals:

Sb, Bi, Cd, Pb, Sn and Zn.................................38

Refractory Metals: Ti, Zr, Hf, Cr, Mo,

Nb, Re, Ta, V and W...........................................40

Titanium.............................................................40

Zirconium and Hafnium...............................41

Other Refractory Metals: Cr, Mo, Nb,

Re, Ta, V and W..................................................43

Ferrous Metals............................................................45

Copper, Nickel & Cobalt..........................................48

Copper................................................................45

Nickel...................................................................49

Cobalt..................................................................50

Precious Metals..........................................................51

Thermally-Spray Coated Specimens..................53

Sintered Carbides.....................................................55

Ceramics.......................................................................57

Composites.................................................................59

Printed Circuit Boards.............................................61

Eletronic Materials....................................................62

Polymers......................................................................65

Etching...................................................................................67

Etching Procedures..................................................67

Selective Etching.......................................................68

Electrolytic Etching and Anodizing....................71

Heat Tinting................................................................71

Interference Layer Method...................................72

Commonly Used Etchants for

Metals and Alloys......................................................73

Light Optical Microscopy................................................78

The Light Microscope..............................................79

Microscope Components......................................79

Resolution...................................................................82

D epth of Field............................................................83

Imaging Modes.........................................................83

Microindentation Hardness Testing............................87

The Vickers Test.........................................................87

The Knoop Test..........................................................88

Factors Affecting Accuracy, Precision

and Bias........................................................................89

Automation.................................................................91

Image Capture & Analysis...............................................93

Acquisition..................................................................93

Clarification.................................................................96

Operator Interactive Measurements.................96

Automated Measurements...................................96

Thresholding..............................................................96

Binary Operations.....................................................98

Common Applications............................................99

Laboratory Safety............................................................ 101

Laboratory Equipment........................................ 102

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)............. 102

Chemicals, Storage and Handling.................... 103

Etchants..................................................................... 103

Solvents..................................................................... 104

Acids........................................................................... 106

Bases........................................................................... 110

Other Chemicals..................................................... 110

Summary............................................................................ 112

References.......................................................................... 113

Appendices........................................................................ 115

ASTM Metallography Standards................................ 123

ISO Standards................................................................... 124

Other National Standards............................................. 125

Buehler Trademarks........................................................ 128

Index.................................................................................... 129

Worldwide Sales Offices................................................ 132