颗粒中粒度分布检测方案(激光粒度仪)

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上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 Acoustic Particle Sizing of Milk 超声法粒度分析在乳剂行业的应用 Oil/Water，as well as， Water/Oil emulsions can partially degrade or even fully break up uponundergoing dilution. Thus， particle size measurements without dilution are desirable foremulsion characterization. 油/水以及水/油的乳液会在稀释之后部分降解甚至完全分解。因此，在不稀释的情况下直接测量乳液的粒径是一种理想方法。 The APS-100 Acoustic Particle Sizerl measures -without the need for sample dilution ParticleSize Distribution， Longitudinal Viscosity， Percent Solids，pH， Conductivity， and Temperature.Using a patented measurement design?， the APS-100 performs acoustic attenuationspectroscopy measurements in the ultrasonic range of 1-100 MHz. 美国 MAS 公司生产的 APS-100 超声法粒度仪《1》可以不用稀释，直接测量粒度分布，纵向粘度，固含量， PH值，电导率及温度。通过专利测量设计《2》， APS-100可以在1-100MHz 的超声波范围内进行声学衰减光谱测量。 The resulting attenuation spectrum of dB/cm vs.Frequency (MHz) is used by a patentedfirst-principle algorithmto calculate particle size distribution data without makingassumptions regarding the shape of the particle size distribution， e.g. unimodal， bimodal，lognormal， Gaussian， etc. The APS-100 is calibrated with water without the need for particlesize calibration standards. 通过使用专利的第一原理算法使用产生的dB/cm/频率(MHz)的衰减谱来计算粒径分布数据，而无需对粒径分布的形状进行假设，例如单峰、双峰、对数正态、高斯等。APS-100 是用水进行校准的，不需要使用粒度校准标准。 APS measurements are made by low-power (inaudible) short acoustic pulses (about 10microseconds long) that do not affect the sample’s dispersion state as depicted in figure1.Another instrument， the Zeta-APS， measures Zeta potential in addition to all theseparameters. APS 测量采用低功率(听不清)短声脉冲(约10微秒长)，不影响图1所示的样品的分散状态。另外 Zeta-APS仪器，除了测量上述所有这些参数外，还测量 Zeta 电位。 上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 APS Waveforms Fig. 1. Waveforms of the ultrasonic pulses applied and measured during Acoustic ParticleSizing. 图1-超声波脉测量粒度的过程中，超声波的脉冲波形。 Fig.2. Acoustic Attenuation Spectra of 4% wt silica-water sample (3 runs： )，■， ▲)alongside DI water (x). 图2-4%wt二氧化硅水样(3次：◆，m，▲)和去离子水的声衰减谱。 上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 Fig. 3. Particle Size Distribution overlaid data for three consecutive runs of a 4% wtsilica-water sample. 图3-三次4%wt二氧化硅水样的粒度分布数据叠加图 Figures 2 and 3 show attenuation spectra and particle size distribution data for threeconsecutive runs of a silica-water sample at 4% wt percent solids level (Nissan Chemical，Houston， TX). A water (solvent) spectrum is also shown. A solvent spectrum (excluding theparticles) is required for particle size computation. 图2和图3显示了连续三次4%wt二氧化硅水样的粒度分布和声衰减谱(Nissan Chemical，Houston，TX)。水样的谱图也有显示。粒径计算需要溶剂谱(不包括微粒)。图3所示示PSD 在 0.1微米有相当窄的分布，接近 MP1040 二氧化硅的标称平均粒径。 Emulsion Analysis 乳液测试分析 For this study， five consumer-type dairy samples were characterized as follows： 在本研究中，五种消费型乳液样本的特征如下： -Half and Half Cream (HHC) 半脂乳 -Whole Milk (WM) 全脂乳 -1%Low-fat Chocolate Milk (CM) 1%低脂巧克力乳 -1% Low-fat Milk (LFM) 1% 低脂乳 -Nonfat Milk (NFM) 脱脂乳 The samples were analyzed without dilution. They were continuously mixed by the APS-100's onboard mechanical mixer. Sample temperature was kept at 26 C by the APS-100'ssample heater. 这些样品没有进行稀释。希们是由 APS-100 的内置机械混合器连续混合。通过 APS-100的加热系统，保证样品在26℃。 Acoustic Data 超声数据 Fig. 4. Acoustic Attenuation Spectra for five milk samples. 图4-5种乳剂样品的超声衰减波谱。 Figure 4 shows acoustic attenuation spectra， dB/cm vs. Frequency (MHz)， for the five milksamples. Attenuation levels decrease in the following order due to each sample's fat contentlevel as follows (see below about the 1% chocolate milk sample)： HHC>WM>CM>LFM> NFM 图4显示了5种乳的dB/cm/频率(MHz)的衰减谱。由于每个样品的脂肪含量水平，衰减水平按以下顺序降低(见下文关于1%巧克力牛奶样品)： HHC半脂乳>WM全脂乳>CM1%低脂巧克力乳>LFM 低低乳>NFM 脱脂乳 Regarding Chocolate vs. Low-fat milk， the difference in attenuation is due to the addedchocolate flavor components. 关于巧克力和低脂乳，衰减的差异是由于添加了巧克力风味成分。 These samples were analyzed at 269C， kept constant by the APS-100's onboard heater. Also，the samples were continuously mixed during these measurements by the APS-100'smechanical mixer. 这些样品在分析过程中通过 APS 的加热系统保持温度在26℃。此外，在这些测量过程中，由 APS-100的机械混合器连续混合样品。 Fig.5. Particle size distribution data for a whole milk sample by Acoustic Particle Sizing(APS-100). 图5-APS-100测量的全脂乳的粒度分布数据。 Figure 5 below presents the particle size distribution for a whole milk sample analyzedwithout dilution. The fat-free milk sample was used to represent the intrinsic attenuationrequired by the acoustic particle sizing computations. 图5显示了未经稀释而分析的全脂乳的粒度分布。脱脂乳样品用于表示声学颗粒尺寸计算所需的固有衰减《4》。 Intrinsic attenuation corresponds to the solvent attenuation，i.e. attenuation excluding thediscrete phase (particles/droplets) of the sample. The particle and solvent physicalproperties required by the particle size computations were obtained from published data5. 固有衰减对应于溶剂衰减，即不包括样品的离散相(颗粒/液滴)的衰减。颗粒尺寸计算所需的颗粒和溶剂物理性质是从已发表的数据中获得的《5》。 Some of the corresponding particle size data for the whole milk sample are as follows： 全脂乳样品的相应粒度数据如下 Email/邮箱： info@yh-tek.com Website/网址： www.yh-tek.com 上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 Mean particle size， Volume weighted： 1.8 um， 25th， 75th percentiles： 0.9， 2.5 umMean particle size， Area weighted： 1.1 um， 25th， 75th percentiles： 1.46， 1.5 um体积平均粒径：1.8um， D25为0.9um， D75为 2.5um面积平均粒径：1.1um， D25 为1.46um， D75 为 1.5um Figure 6 above corresponds to a sample of half and half creamer measured by an APS- 100instrument without dilution. The particle size data is as follows： Mean particle size， Volume weighted：1.45 um， 25th， 75th percentiles： 0.53， 2.6 umMean particle size， Area weighted：0.65 um， 25th， 75thpercentiles： 0.2， 0.68 um 图6对应的是用 APS- 100仪器测量的没有稀释半脂乳样品的测试数据： 体积平均粒径：1.45um， D25 为 0.53um， D75 为 2.6pm 面积平均粒径：0.65um， D25 为0.20um， D75为0.68um REFERENCES 1. Matec Applied Sciences， Northborough， MA USA， www.matecappliedsciences.com) 2. US Patent 6，604，408 3. US Patent 6，119，510 上海胤煌科技让检测分析更专业 4. McClements， D. J.， and Povey，J. W.， Ultrasonic analysis of edible fats and oils， Ultrasonics，vol 30， 6，1992. 5. Lopez， C.， Briard-Bion， V.， Camier， B.， Gassi， J. Y.， Milk Fat Thermal Properties and Solid FatContent in Emmental Cheese： A Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study， J. Dairy Sci.，89：2894-2910，2006/ Email/邮箱： info@yh-tek.comPhone/电话：Website/网址： www.yh-tek.comAddress/地址：上海市浦东新区航川路楼 Recent Developments on Resolution and Applicability of Capillary Hydrodynamic Fractionation (CHDF)毛细管流体分离技术(CHDF)分辨率和应用的新的发展J. Gabriel DosRamos,Matec Applied Sciences, 56 Hudson St., Northborough, MA 01532 USAAbstract：摘要：Capillary Hydrodynamic Fractionation (CHDF) is a high-resolution particle size distribution (PSD) analysis technique. CHDF is used to measure the PSD of colloids in the particle size range of 5 nm to 3 microns.CHDF fractionation occurs as an eluant or carrier fluid carries the particles downstream in a capillary tube. Large particles exit the fractionation capillary ahead of smaller particles. Particle fractionation occurs because of the combination of the eluant parabolic velocity profile (laminar flow), size exclusion of the particles at the capillary wall, and colloidal forces.The aim of this study was to expand CHDF’s applicability to a broader class of colloidal systems. This can widen CHDF’s usefulness as a particle sizing technique.毛细管流体分离（CHDF）技术是一种高分辨的粒度分布（PSD）检测技术。毛细管流体分离技术（CHDF）用于测量粒径在5nm-3μm 范围内胶体的粒度分布（PSD）。毛细管流体分离(CHDF)技术是以洗脱液或载体流体在毛细管中携带颗粒顺流而下的形式发生的。大颗粒先于小颗粒退出分离毛细管。颗粒分离是由于洗脱物抛物线速度剖面(层流)、在毛细管内颗粒的尺寸排斥和胶体力的共同作用而发生的。本研究的目的是将毛细管流体分离(CHDF)应用于更广泛的胶体系统。这可以增加毛细管流体分离(CHDF)技术在粒度分析方面的应用。Introduction：介绍：Particle sizing techniques can be grouped into High-Resolution (Fractionation) and Ensemble techniques (1). High-Resolution (HR) techniques are characterized by the fact that particles are fractionated according to size and/or mass during particle size analysis. Ensemble techniques perform measurements on all particles simultaneously without physical separation. HR particle size analyzers include Capillary Hydrodynamic Fractionation (CHDF), Field-Flow Fractionation, Single-Particle Counting, and Disc Centrifugation. Ensemble techniques include Laser Diffraction, Photon-Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), acoustic-attenuation spectroscopy, and Turbidimetry. Electron Microscopy is in a class by itself as it offers high resolution but particles are not fractionated during analysis.颗粒测量技术可分为高分辨(分离)技术和Ensemble粒度分析技术《1》。高分辨率技术的特点是因为在颗粒测量分析的过程中，粒子可以根据大小或者质量的不同而进行分离。Ensemble粒度分析技术在没有物理分离的情况下对所有粒子同时进行测量。高分辨的粒度分析技术包括毛细管流体分离(CHDF)、场流分离、单颗粒计数和圆盘离心组成。Ensemble粒度分析技术包括激光衍射、数字相关技术(PCS)、声衰减光谱和浊度测定方法等。电镜也属于高分辨粒径测量的技术，但是其并不能在分析的过程中将颗粒进行分离。补充说明（内容来自网络）：1. 场流分离（Field flow fractionation—FFF）为适用于大分子、胶体和微粒的分离技术，使欲分离成分之流液流经上下平板构成扁平带状通道，并将一场垂直施加于通道。场将导致不同成分处在距下壁不同的位置上，移动速度因而不同，以达到分离的目的。 场流分离，可将“流”通过不对称场如电场，重力场，热场或半透膜。该技术基本原理是大分子流过扁平通道，同时受到水平（channel flow）和垂直方向（cross flow）的流场作用；尺寸相对小的分子，受垂直方向的作用力较小，而向扁平通道中心平移扩散；而尺寸相对较大的分子，受垂直方向的作用力较大而更靠近聚集壁（accumulated wall）。从而在垂直方向形成尺寸（size）梯度。而流体在扁平通道内，越靠近中心，流速越快，而越靠近边缘，流速越均匀和越缓慢。因此，尺寸相对较小的组分先被后端检测器检测到；而较大尺寸的组分随后被检测。2. Disc Centrifugation圆盘离心沉降法的原理是重力或者离心力使得悬浮在样品转盘腔内的颗粒可以产生沉降或离心运动。大颗粒运动较快，小颗粒运动较慢，随着时间的增加，大小颗粒自然分级并依次通过靠近转盘腔底内部的检测器，因而具有高的分辩率。 HR techniques offer a strong advantage in that they produce true particle size distribution (PSD) data. HR-based devices can in principle detect the presence of multiple particle size populations without making significant assumptions. On the other hand, HR devices tend to be more complicated to operate than ensemble instruments. Ensemble instruments produce mainly mean particle size and standard deviation data. Any mean particle size value can be produced by an infinite number of PSD curves. This ill-conditioned problem, along with the fact that calculated PSD’s vary significantly with minor noise in the raw data, force most ensemble devices to assume a priori the shape of the PSD (2). Despite these issues, ensemble devices are much more widely used than HR instruments. The two main reasons seem to be the following. Ensemble instruments are easier to use, and are more widely applicable to different types of dispersion/colloidal samples.这种高分辨率的技术在真实的粒度分布（PSD）表征方面有非常明显的优势。一方面，基于这种高分辨率的技术可以用来分析多组分的复杂粒度体系，并不需要作出任何假设。但另一方面，这种高分辨率的技术设备运行往往相对统Ensemble粒度分析操作更复杂。Ensemble粒度分析技术可以提供平均粒径和标准偏差。任何平均粒径值都可以由无限条PSD曲线生成。这个原理的缺陷问题，会使得在只有少量噪声的情况下原始数据中计算出的PSD值变化很大，这迫使大多数Ensemble粒度分析设备需要预先假定PSD的形状《2》。尽管存在这些问题，Ensemble粒度分析设备比这种高分辨的技术应用往往更广泛。主要是有两个主要原因：Ensemble粒度分析设备更易于使用，更广泛地适用于不同类型的分散/胶体样品。 Figure 1- Particle size-based fractionation in CHDF.图1. CHDF的颗粒分离示意图Figure 1 describes the particle size-based fractionation process in CHDF. Larger particles exit the fractionation open capillary ahead of smaller ones (3). A UV detector is typically used as a particle-concentration detector. Such particle fractionation occurs because of a particle-size exclusion effect, plus colloidal forces affecting the particle motion. The latter consist mainly of particle/capillary electric double layer repulsion, and a lift force exerted by the moving fluid on the particles (4).图1描述了毛细管流体分离(CHDF)技术中不同颗粒大小的分离过程的原理示意图。较大的颗粒比较小的颗粒先离开分离的毛细管《3》。一个紫外线探测器被用来检测粒子浓度。毛细管流体分离(CHDF)实现的粒子分离是由于粒子大小的排斥效应，加上影响粒子运动的胶体力。后者主要由颗粒电荷/毛细管电荷双电层斥力和运动的流体对微粒施加的升力组成《4》。 Figure 2. Two different samples analyzed by CHDF. Both have the same Volume-average (mean) particle size of 226 nm even though the PSD’s are different.图2-两个不同的样品的CHDF测试数据.两个样品相同的体积平均粒径但是PSD是不一样的。Figure 2 shows CHDF2000 PSD data from two different polystyrene samples with the same volume-average mean particle size value of 226 nm even though their PSD’s are noticeably different. This data exemplifies the risks of relying exclusively on mean particle size data. These samples will behave differently despite their identical mean particle size.图2显示了两种不同的聚苯乙烯样品的CHDF2000 PSD测试数据，即使他们具有相同的体积平均粒径值226 nm，但是它们的PSD值有明显的不同。这些数据说明了完全依赖平均粒径数据的风险。尽管这些样品的平均粒径相同，但它们的PSD分布却不同。It is in principle possible for a sample with a 226 nm mean particle size not to contain any 226 nm particles. This constitutes another disadvantage of relying on mean particle size data alone.对于平均粒径为226 nm的样品，实际上却可以并不包含任何226 nm的颗粒。这构成了仅依赖平均粒径数据的另一个缺点。This paper describes efforts to expand the applicability of CHDF to different types of dispersed systems, including expanding its particle size analysis range. Also, a process on-line CHDF setup with automated sample dilution is presented.本文描述了毛细管流体分馏（CHDF）技术在不同类型的分散系统中的适用性，包括扩大其粒度分析范围。同时，提出了一种自动稀释样品的毛细管流体分离(CHDF)在线检测方法。Experimental：实验部分：CHDF measurements were performed using a commercial CHDF2000 high resolution particle size analyzer from Mass Applied Sciences, Northborough, MA (5). Various colloidal samples were used. Polystyrene samples were obtained from Duke Scientific (Indianapolis, IN), and Seradyn (Indianapolis,IN).高分辨率的毛细管流体分离(CHDF)粒度测量技术，是由位于美国-马萨诸塞州Mass Applied Science（MAS）公司研发和生产的《5》。并测试了不同的胶体样品。聚苯乙烯粒子样品来自于Duke和Seradyn (Indianapolis, IN)。Nanoparticle Size Analysis：纳米颗粒大小分析：Small particles, especially under 50 nm, are becoming more widely manufactured and employed in various intermediate and final colloidal products. Accurate particle size analysis of these small particles is essential. Small particles offer a large total surface area. Secondary smaller particle size populations can be unexpectedly present in any dispersion. Such smaller particles can sharply influence the performance of any dispersion. Additionally, a small number of larger particles can posse difficulties, e.g., larger particles in inkjet printing inks can plug ink conduits in today’s inkjet printers.小颗粒，特别是50nm以下的小颗粒，正在越来越广泛地被制造和应用于各种胶体的中间和最终产品中。准确分析这些小颗粒的粒径是至关重要的。小颗粒提供了很大的总表面积。在任何分散体中都可能出现次级较小粒径的粒子群。如此小的粒子可以极大地影响任何分散体系的性能。此外，少数较大的颗粒会造成困难，例如，在喷墨打印机中较大的颗粒会堵塞墨道。Particle sizing of nanoparticles is difficult for most particle sizing techniques. Because of refractive index issues, as well as the fact that larger particles mask smaller particles, ensemble-type measurements such as Laser Diffraction and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) have difficulty analyzing such nanoparticles. High-resolution devices such as disc centrifuges are also limited due to the lack of tendency of nanoparticles to sediment, even under strong centrifugal fields.纳米粒子的粒径测定是目前大多数粒径测定技术的难点。由于折射率问题，以及大颗粒掩盖小颗粒的事实，像激光衍射和光子相关光谱(PCS)等Ensemble粒度分析技术很难分析这样的纳米颗粒。像圆盘离心机这样的高分辨率设备也会受到此限制，因为即使在强离心场下，纳米粒子也不易沉积。 Figure 3. Effects of capillary inner diameter and eluant ionic strength and average velocity on CHDF resolution and particle size fractionation range.图三-毛细管内径、淋洗液离子强度和平均流速对毛细管流体分离(CHDF)分辨率和粒度分离范围的影响。Fig. 3 illustrates the effects of capillary ID, eluant average velocity, and eluant ionic strength on the resolution and particle-size fractionation range. As the capillary ID increases, so does the sample volume in the capillary. This increase in sample volume is due to the fact that the waste/fractionation split ratio changes (6), i.e. more sample flows into the fractionation capillary relative to the “waste” stream. Such increase in fractionated-sample volume results in stronger particle detection in the CHDF particle-concentration detector, usually a UV detector.图3描述了毛细管内径、洗脱液平均流速、洗脱液离子强度对颗粒分离范围和分辨率的影响。随着毛细管内径的增加，毛细管中的样品体积也随之增加。样品体积的增加是由于废废液/分离样品分流比的变化《6》，相对于废液流，更多的样品流入分馏毛细管。分馏样品体积的增加使得毛细管流体分离(CHDF)颗粒浓度检测器（通常是UV检测器）的颗粒检测能力增强。Conversely, fractionation resolution increases as the capillary ID is reduced (7). This is due to several compounding factors as follows: (i) the particle exclusion layer is larger relative to the capillary ID, (ii) the lift force is stronger, and (iii) the particle fractograms are narrower due to lower axial dispersion.相反，随着毛细管内径的减少，分离的分辨率增加《7》。这主要是由以下几个复合因素造成的:（i）颗粒排斥层相对于毛细管内径较大；（ii）升力较强；(iii)由于轴向弥散较低，颗粒断口较窄。The upper particle size limit decreases with decreasing capillary ID. Physically, larger particles can flow in a larger-ID fractionation capillary; also, the lift force is lower for larger-ID capillaries; this allows fractionation among larger particles.粒径上限随毛细管内径的减小而减小。物理上，较大的颗粒可以在较大的内径分馏毛细管中流动；同样，对于较大的内径毛细管，提升力较低，可以用来进行较大的颗粒的分离。The eluant average velocity also plays a role on the resolution and particle size range. As the eluant average velocity in increased, large-particle size fractograms become narrower. This Fractogram narrowing is due to the increase in lift force strength which forces larger particles to travel closer together. As the lift force increases, the upper particle size fractionation limit decreases similarly to reducing the capillary ID (8).淋洗液平均流速也对其分辨率和粒径检测范围也有影响。随着洗脱液平均流速的增加，大颗粒尺寸的断口变得越来越窄。这种断口变窄是由于提升力强度的增加，从而迫使较大的颗粒更接近地一起移动。随着升力的增大，颗粒粒度的分离上限减小，与减小毛细管内径值结果相似《8》。Suitable capillary ID and length, plus the eluant ionic strength and mean velocity can be combined to produce high resolution PSD data as shown in figures 4 and 5. Data is shown for the fractionation of eight particle size populations in less than 10 minutes.合适的毛细管内径和长度，加上合适的洗脱液离子强度和平均速度，可以组合起来得到高分辨率的PSD数据，如图4和5所示。数据显示了在不到10分钟内对8个粒径粒子的分离。 Figure 4. CHDF fractionation UV-detector raw data for a blend of 8 polystyrene calibration standards.图4-CHDF-UV检测器对8种混合聚苯乙烯标准粒子的原始测试数据 Figure 5. CHDF PSD data for an 8-mode polystyrene blend.图5-8种聚苯乙烯共混物的CHDF PSD数据。This blend is composed of (from left to right on the raw-data graph) 800, 605, 420, 310, 240, 150, 60, and 20 nm. The peak separation on the raw data graph can be enhanced further by simply lengthening the fractionation time. The raw data peaks appear more overlapped than on the PSD. The reason is that a deconvolution procedure has been applied in the PSD computations (9). The deconvolution computations are similar to those used in Gel Permeation Chromatography for incorporating into the PSD computations axial dispersion of particles during capillary flow. Axial dispersion broadens the Fractogram width.这种混合物由800、605、420、310、240、150、60和20nm组成（从原始数据图的左到右）。通过简单地延长分离时间，可以进一步增强原始数据图上的峰分离。原始数据峰值看起来比PSD上的重叠更多。其原因是在PSD计算中应用了反卷积方法《9》。反卷积计算类似于凝胶渗透色谱法，用于将毛细管流动过程中颗粒的轴向弥散纳入PSD计算。轴向弥散使裂缝宽度变宽。补充说明（内容来自网络）：1. Deconvolution反卷积算法：在数学中，反卷积是一种基于算法的过程，用于反转卷积对记录数据的影响。 反卷积的概念广泛用于信号处理和图像处理技术。 由于这些技术反过来在许多科学和工程学科中广泛使用，因此反卷积可以应用到许多领域。反卷积是信号处理中一类基本问题,广泛应用于信道均衡、图像恢复、语音识别、地震学、无损探伤等领域,也可应用于未知输入估计和故障辨识问题。褶积(又名卷积)和反褶积(又名去卷积)是一种积分变换的数学方法,在许多方面得到了广泛应用。在泛函分析中，卷积、旋积或摺积(英语：Convolution)是通过两个函数f 和g 生成第三个函数的一种数学算子，表征函数f 与g经过翻转和平移的重叠部分函数值乘积对重叠长度的积分。2. Gel Permeation Chromatography凝胶渗透色谱法：凝胶渗透色谱(Gel Permeation Chromatography、GPC)是1964年，由J.C.Moore首先研究成功。不仅可用于小分子物质的分离和鉴定，而且可以用来分析化学性质相同分子体积不同的高分子同系物。(聚合物在分离柱上按分子流体力学体积大小被分离开）。CHDF offers a useful alternative for nanoparticle analysis due to the fact that larger particles do not mask the presence of small particles, as well as, nanoparticle analysis is as easy and accurate as for larger particles. However, CHDF also faces difficulties in analyzing particles smaller than 20 nm. These particles are difficult to quantify in the presence of larger particles due to large differences in UV-light extinction cross section (10). These difficulties are shown in the well-known Beer-Lambert’s law equation as follows:D.O. = N Rext χ           [1]Where D.O. is the UV-detector output, N is the number of particles per unit volume, Rext is the particle extinction cross section, and χ is the UV-detector flow-cell path length. Equation [1] allows the calculation of N for each individual slice of particles exiting the CHDF fractionation capillary. N computations are susceptible to minor noise in D.O. when a sample contains particles under 20 nm along with larger particles, e.g. particles over 500 nm.由于大颗粒不会掩盖小颗粒的存在，毛细管流体分离(CHDF)为纳米颗粒分析提供了一种有用的替代方法，让纳米颗粒分析与大颗粒分析一样简单和准确。然而，CHDF在分析小于20nm的颗粒时也会面困难。由于紫外消光截面的巨大差异，这些粒子在较大粒子存在时很难量化《10》。这些困难显示在有名的比尔-朗伯定律方程如下：D.O. = N Rext χ           [1]这里D.O.是紫外线探测器输出，N是单位体积的粒子数，Rext是粒子消光界面，χ是紫外检测器流动池路径长度。方程允许计算出毛细管流体分离(CHDF)细管中每一片颗粒的N。当样品含有小于20nm的粒子和较大的粒子（例如大于500nm的粒子）时， N的计算容易D.O.中微小噪声的影响。 Figure 6. Extinction cross section for polystyrene particles in water. Curve generated from Mie theory computations.图6-由Mie理论计算得到的聚苯乙烯颗粒在水中的消光截面。Figure 6 shows an extinction cross section curve for polystyrene particles in water. This curve was generated from Mie-theory computations built into the operating software on the commercial CHDF2000 device.图6显示了聚苯乙烯颗粒在水中的消光截面曲线。此曲线是CHDF2000设备上的操作软件中，内置的Mie理论计算生成的。Figure 6 shows that there are several orders of magnitude between the Rext of particles smaller than 20 nm and those larger than 500 nm. Consequently, small D.O. errors become largely amplified in the computation of N.从图6可以看出，小于20nm和大于500nm的颗粒之间存在几个数量级的Rext。因此，微小的D.O.误差在N的计算中被极大地放大。 Figure 7. CHDF UV-detector raw data output for a 5-nm nominal particle size silica.图7- CHDF紫外检测器得到的5nm二氧化硅粒子的原始输出数据。 Figure 8. CHDF PSD for a 5-nm nominal particle size silica sample.图8- CHDF得到的5nm二氧化硅粒子的粒度分布图。Despite the challenges described above, the CHDF2000 device was able to accurately perform particle sizing measurements of silica particles under 20 nm as shown in Figures 7 and 8.尽管存在上述挑战，美国MAS的CHDF2000设备仍能够准确地对20nm以下的二氧化硅颗粒进行准确的粒度分析，如图7和8所示。The accurate measurement of these small particles was achieved by maximizing resolution and particle-detection sensitivity. This required optimizing the combination of suitable capillary diameter and length, and eluant ionic strength and average velocity.美国MASS生产研发CHDF系列设备通过优化合适的毛细管直径和长度、洗脱液离子强度和平均流速的组合，让设备的分辨率和粒子检测灵敏度达到很大化，实现了对这些小粒子的精确测量。The CHDF raw data in figure 7 shows two main peaks located at 8.5 and 8.7 minutes. The peak at 8.7 minutes is believed to originate from UV-absorbing molecules in the sample such as surfactants, electrolytes, and acid or base molecules (11). These molecules exit the capillary last because their particle size is smaller than that of the silica particles. The molecular peak does not appear in the PSD graph of figure 8 because its particle size is below the low computational limit of 1 nm.从图7的原始数据可以看出，在8.5和8.7分钟出有两个主要的峰。8.7分钟时的峰值被认为是来自样品中的紫外线吸收分子，如表面活性剂、电解质、酸或碱分子《11》。这些分子最后离开毛细管是因为它们的粒径小于二氧化硅颗粒。分子峰不出现在图8的PSD图中，因为其粒径低于1nm的计算下限。Figure 8 presents the PSD for this silica sample. A lognormal PSD shape is obtained ranging from 1 nm to 30 nm. The mode is located at 4 nm.图8显示了这个二氧化硅样品的PSD分布。得到了1～30nm的对数正态PSD形状。PSD的峰值位于4nm处。In order to achieve the maximum resolution required for these small particles (7) a low ionic strength (0.1 mM) carrier fluid was used in conjunction with a 5-micron ID fused silica capillary.为了获得检测这些小颗粒所需大的分辨率《7》，低离子强度(0.1 mM)载体流体与5μm管径熔融石英毛细管一起使用。CHDF Particle Size Analysis of Micron-Sized Particles：CHDF技术分析微米级颗粒：CHDF has been commonly used for analysis of particles below 1 micron in size. As mentioned above, larger particles are typically subject to a “Lift Force” in the fractionation capillary. The lift force pushes larger particles toward the center of the capillary. The Lift force is proportional to the ratio of particle to capillary radii, and to the eluant average velocity. Thus, lowering the eluant average velocity along with using larger-ID fractionation capillaries reduce the lift force and extend the CHDF particle size upper limit.毛细管流体分离(CHDF)通常用于分析1μm以下的颗粒。如前所述，较大的颗粒在分离毛细管中通常受到升力的作用。升力将较大的颗粒推向毛细管的中心。升力与颗粒毛细管半径之比及洗脱液平均速度成正比。因此，降低洗脱液平均流速，同时使用大粒径分离毛细管，可以降低升力，提高CHDF粒径检测上限。 Figure 9. CHDF UV-detector raw data output for a blend of 5μm, 1μm, and 0.1μm polystyrene latex standards. Sodium benzoate “marker” is injected about 1 minute after the blend.图9- 5,1, 0.1μm三种混合体系的CHDF UV检测器原始数据图。苯甲酸钠“标记物”在混合后约1分钟注射。Fig. 9 shows CHDF UV-detector vs. time fractionation data for a blend of 5, 1, and 0.1-micron polystyrene standards. The marker is injected about one minute after the blend. This data shows that CHDF fractionation is indeed able to fractionate particles larger than one micron. However, it is desirable to increase the fractionation resolution further in order to enhance particle size analysis capability for these larger particles. Further work is in progress.图9显示了5μm、1μm和0.1μm聚苯乙烯标准混合物的CHDF UV检测器输出数据与时间关系的原始数据。苯甲酸钠“标记物”大约在混合后一分钟注射。这些数据表明，毛细管流体分离(CHDF)技术确实能够分馏大于1μm的颗粒。然而，为了提高这些较大颗粒的粒度分析能力，我们希望进一步提高分馏分辨率。进一步的工作正在进行中。On-Line Development在线扩展Today, there is a lack of (process) in-line, at-line, or on-line particle size analyzers suitable for analysis of liquid dispersions. Process particle sizers can become a vital component of slurry / dispersion / latex / emulsion production. Such analyzers can provide labor savings, as well as ensure product quality. Process particle sizers must be highly accurate, reproducible, precise, and reliable (12).目前，还缺乏适合分析液体分散的在位，近线或在线的粒度分析仪。工艺检测的粒度仪可以成为泥浆/分散液/乳胶/乳液生产的重要组成部分。这样的粒度分析仪可以节省劳动力，同时保证产品质量。在线工艺粒度仪必须高度精确、可重复、精确和可靠《12》。