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1.Chemical Composition of Leaf and Fruit Oils of Heracleum candolleanum
Abstract

Essential oils from leaves and fruits of Heracleum candolleanum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gc and gc/MS. The major components in the leaf oil were sabinene (13.2%), limonene (9.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.4%), whereas the major constituents in the fruit oil were limonene (70.0%) and octyl acetate (7.2%).

Key Word Index

Heracleum candolleanum, Apiaceae, essential oil composition, sabinene, limonene.

Introduction

Heracleum (Apiaceae) is predominantly a temperate genus comprising of about 60 species (1). About 23 species occur in India (2). Indian species are confined to three geographical areas, namely Himalayas, northeastern India and Peninsular India (1).

Heracleum candolleanum (Wight et Arn.) Gamble, an endemic species of Western Ghats, is a large perennial herb with tuberous roots commonly found in the hills and mountains of Peninsular India at higher altitudes (3). The plant is used in folk and tribal medicine for various purposes. The Kani tribes administer decoction of the whole plant internally for nervous disorders and inflammatory condition. The decoction of the root of this plant is used by the tribals as an antiarthritic and nerve tonic. The root oil is used for inflammation. The fruit is used as an aphrodisiac (4). A number of furanocoumarins and two monoterpenoids were reported from the fruits and roots of H, candolleanum (5,6).

Plants belonging to the genus Heracleum are aromatic and are excellent sources of essential oils. The chemical composition of the oils from a number of Heracleum species have been previously reported (7-9). Different octyl esters, especially octyl acetate, is reported to be the major component in most of the oils investigated (10-12). In an earlier communication, we have reported the composition of the rhizome oil of H. candolleanum (13). Here we report the chemical composition of the oils from the leaves and fruits of H. candolleanum.

Experimental

Plant Material: Fresh leaves and fruits of H. candolleanum were collected from Munnar of the southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India during September, 2004. The plant was identified by Dr. Mathew Dan, Scientist, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), and a voucher specimen (No. 51845) was deposited in the TBGRI Herbarium.

Oil Isolation: Fresh leaves and fruits were separately hydrodistilled for 4 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oils were collected, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and stored at 4°C until analyzed.

gc/FID Analyses: The oils were analyzed by gc/FID using a Nucon 5765 series gas Chromatograph fitted with SE-30 (10%) Chromosorb-W packed stainless steel column (2 m x 2 mm) with FID detector. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at flow rate of 40 mL/min. Oven program: 80°-150°C (8°C/min.), 150°-230°C (5°C/min), 230°C (10 min), injector temperature 220°C, detector temperature 250°C. Relative percentages of components were calculated from the peak area-percent report of volatiles from gc/FID data (Table I).

gcIMS Analyses: gc/MS analyses of the oils were performed by splitless injection of 1.0 µL of the oil on a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas Chromatograph fitted with a cross-linked 5% PH ME siloxane HP-5 MS capillary column, 30 m x 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm coating thickness, coupled with a model 5973 mass detector. gc/MS operation conditions: injector temperature 220°C; transfer Une 290°C; oven temperature program 60°246°C (3°C/min); carriergas - He at 1.4 mL/min. Mass spectra: Electron Impact (EI^sup +^) mode 70 eV, ion source temperature 250°C. Individual components were identified by Wiley 275.L database matching and by comparison of retention times and mass spectra of constituents with published data ( 14). Relative retention indices ( RRI) of constituents were determined using n-alkanes as standards (15).

Results and Discussion

Hydrodistillation of the fresh leaves and mature fruits of H. candolleanum afforded colorless oils with pleasant aromas, yield 0.09% and 0.5% (v/w), respectively. Twenty eight components (66.6%) were identified from the leaf oil. The major constituents in the leaf oil were sabinene (13.2%), limonene (9.2%), β-caryophyllene (8.6%), terpinen-4-ol (6.2%) and p-cymen-8-oI (5%). Twenty four components, constituting 93% of the fruit oil have been identified. Limonene (70%) was the major constituent in the fruit oil, followed by octyl acetate (7.2%) and bornyl acetate (5.8%).

Octyl acetate is reported as a common component in most fruit oils of Heracleum genus. The fruit oil of H. candolleanum also contained 7.2% octyl acetate. The sesquiterpene percentage in the leaf oil was 25% whereas caryophyllene oxide (0.2%) was the only sesquiterpene in the fruit oil.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Director, TBGRl for providing laboratory facilities, Mathew Dan, TBGRI for identification of the plant material and the Director (Laboratories), Textiles Committee, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, Kannur for gcIUS analyses of the oils.

1.Chemical Composition of Leaf and Fruit Oils of Heracleum candolleanum-2
References

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Anil J. John, Vrujesh P. Karunakaran, and Varughese George*

Phytochemistry Division, Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 562,

Kerala, India

Mathur G. Sethuraman

Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute Gandhigram - 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India

* Address for correspondence

Received: May2005

Revised: October 2005

Accepted: December 2005