胺类药物

磺胺类药物为人工合成的抗菌药，它具有抗菌谱较广、性质稳定、使用简便、生产时不耗用粮食等优点。根据《GB 31650-2019食品安全国家标准 食品中兽药最da残留限量》中规定磺胺类药物在食品中最da残留量如下：4.1.93 磺胺类（Sulfonamides)4.1.93.1兽药分类:磺胺类合成抗菌药。4.1.93.2 ADI: 0-50μg/kg体重。4.1.93.3 残留标志物：兽药原形之和( sum of parent drug) 。4.1.93.4 最da残留限量：应符合表93的规定。下面列举几种检测方法 ➪参考标准：《农业部958号公告-12-2007 水产品中磺胺类药物残留量的测定 液相色谱法》。SPE净化步骤SPE柱：月旭Welchrom® BRP 规格：60mg/3mL。活化：3mL甲醇 ，6mL水平衡，弃去；上样：待净化液全部上样，弃去；淋洗：3mL水，2mL 5%甲醇水，弃去；洗脱：15mL甲醇洗脱，压干收集；浓缩：合并收集液于旋蒸瓶中，30°C下旋近干，并用5%甲醇水复溶，定容到1mL，过0.22μm有机滤头，上机。色谱条件色谱柱：月旭Ultimate® ODS-3 4.6×250mm，5μm。流动相：A-乙腈，B-甲醇，C-2%乙酸水（梯度）；流速：0.6mL/min；柱温：40℃；进样量：20μL；检测波长：270nm。参考标准：《GB29694-2013 动物性食品中13种磺胺类药物多残留的测定 》。SPE 净化步骤净化SPE柱：月旭Welchrom® P-SCX 规格：60mg/3mL。活化：甲醇2mL，0.1mol/L盐酸溶液2mL，弃去；上样：净化液全部上样，弃去；淋洗：0.1mol/L盐酸溶液1mL，50%甲醇乙腈溶液2mL，弃去；洗脱：4mL 5%氨水甲醇，压干，接收。洗脱液在40℃下氮吹至干，准确加入1mL0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液1.0mL，涡旋溶解，过0.22μm有机微孔滤膜，待测。色谱条件色谱柱：月旭Ultimate® ODS-3 4.6×250mm，5μm。流动相：A-乙腈，B-0.1%甲酸水（梯度）；流速：1.000mL/min；柱温：30℃；进样量：20μL；检测波长：270nm 。

导读我国作为抗生素的生产和使用大国，普遍存在着抗生素滥用和无序排放等现象，这使得细菌耐药性问题更加严峻。环境中抗生素的来源主要包括生活污水、医疗废水以及动物饲料和水产养殖废水排放等。有调查显示，磺胺类药物是我国水环境中主要残留的抗生素。磺胺类药物及危害磺胺类药物(Sulfonamides, SAs)是一类人工合成的抗菌药物，具有抗菌谱广、吸收迅速，较为稳定和不易变质等优点。磺胺类药物都是以对氨基苯磺酰胺（简称磺胺）为基本结构的衍生物。细菌在生长繁殖过程中，需要合成二氢叶酸，而磺胺类药物的化学结构与对氨苯甲酸（PABA）类似，能与PABA竞争二氢叶酸合成酶，影响了二氢叶酸的合成，使细菌生长和繁殖受到抑制。磺胺类药物对许多革兰氏阳性菌和一些革兰氏阴性菌、诺卡氏菌属、衣原体属和某些原虫均有抑制作用。磺胺类药物在环境中的残留和长期存在,会胁迫微生物产生耐药性, 并进一步通过食物链传递到人体，引起细菌耐药性并威胁人类生命安全。分析方案为准确监测饮用水水源、地表水和地下水等环境水体中磺胺类药物的污染水平，使用岛津超快速三重四极杆液质联用仪，建立了一种同时检测 21 种磺胺的快速、灵敏、准确的方法。&bull 前处理方法参考SC/T 9436-2020 《水产养殖环境（水体、底泥）中磺胺类药物的测定 液相色谱-串联质谱法》中的样品提取和净化方法。&bull 标准溶液谱图磺胺脒等21种磺胺类药物的混合标准溶液色谱图（10ng/mL）如下图所示：&bull 方法学结果对不同浓度的21种磺胺类药物标准工作液连续测定6次，保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差分别小于0.79%和6.61%，显示仪器精密度良好。取空白水体样，加入少量磺胺脒等21种磺胺类药物混合标准品贮备溶液，使水样中添加浓度为分别为1、2、5 ng/mL，考察加标回收率结果。表1. 部分磺胺类药物的平均添加回收率结果(n=3)按照上述前处理方法净化后，测定磺胺脒等21种磺胺类药物的添加回收率，各化合物的平均加标回收率结果在70 ~110%之间，回收率结果良好。结论环境中普遍存在抗生素残留，极易引起细菌耐药性。这一问题现已引起国内社会的高度重视，一些专家学者呼吁，必须提高警惕并立即采取行动，要合理使用抗生素和减少抗生素耐药性。遏制水质抗生素风险，岛津一直在行动！本文内容非商业广告，仅供专业人士参考。

Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were tested for their suitability for detecting sulfonamides in wastewater from various stages in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the river into which the wastewater is discharged, and two swine-rearing facilities. The sulfamethoxazole ELISA cross-reacts with several compounds, achieving detection limits of 0.04 &mu g/L for sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethoxypyridine, sulfachloropyridine, and sulfamethoxine, whereas the sulfamethazine (SMZ) ELISA is more compound specific, with a detection limit of 0.03 &mu g/L. Samples from various stages of wastewater purifications gave 0.6-3.1 &mu g/L by SMX-ELISA, whereas river samples were &sim 10-fold lower, ranging from below detection to 0.09 &mu g/L. Swine wastewater samples analyzed by the SMX-ELISA were either at or near detectable limits from one facility, whereas the other facility had concentrations of &sim 0.5 &mu g/L, although LC-MS/MS did not confirm the presence of SMX. Sulfamethazine ELISA detected no SMZ in either WWTP or river samples. In contrast, wastewater samples from swine facilities analyzed by SMZ-ELISA were found to contain &sim 30 &mu g/L [piglet (50-100 lb) wastewater] and &sim 7 &mu g/L (market-weight hog wastewater). Sulfamethazine ELISA analyses of wastewater from another swine facility found concentrations to be near or below detection limits. A solid phase extraction method was used to isolate and concentrate sulfonamides from water samples prior to LC-MS/MS multiresidue confirmatory analysis. The recoveries at 1 &mu g/L fortification ranged from 42 ( 4% for SMZ to 88 ( 4% for SMX (n ) 6). The ELISA results in the WWTPs were confirmed by LC-MS/MS, as sulfonamide multiresidue confirmatory analysis identified SMX, sulfapyridine, and sulfasalazine to be present in the wastewater. Sulfamethazine presence at one swine-rearing facility was also confirmed by LC-MS/MS, demonstrating the usefulness of the ELISA technique as a rapid and high-throughput screening method. 参考文献：酶联免疫法检测水中磺胺类药物.pdf