【第三届原创参赛】ETP电子倍增器的维护、保存和操作

应助达人

Maintenance, Storage, and Handling of ETP Electron Multipliers
ETP电子倍增器的维护、保存和操作

ETP Electron Multipliers from SGE are incorporated as original equipment in all areas of mass spectrometry and surface science, as well as a diverse range of analytical and general physics applications. They offer the higher performance required by modern instrumentation and have a proven reputation for reliability, ruggedness, and performance.
在质谱和表面科学的所有领域，以及分析和普通物理应用的不同范围内，来自ETP的电子倍增器已融为原装设备装置。它们提供现代仪器工作需要的更高的性能并且被证明以（良好的）可靠性、重现性和运行性能而著称

This booklet provides information on the maintenance, storage, and handling of ETP Electron Multipliers.
这本小册子提供ETP电子倍增器的维护、保存和操作的相关信息。

Following the basic procedures described herein will enable you to obtain the optimum life and performance from your ETP Electron Multipliers.
（按照）以下本文所描述的基本程序，将使您的ETP电子倍增器获得最佳使用期限和最佳性能。

应助达人

Storage of ETP Electron Multipliers
ETP电子倍增器的保存

The critical dynode surfaces of an ETP Electron Multipliers consist of a specially formulated and applied aluminum oxide material, which is very rugged and completely stable, even when repeatedly exposed to room atmosphere. The original packing supplied by ETP is designed for long term storage. The multiplier is enclosed in two sealed plastic bags. The outer bag contains a silica gel package to minimize adsorption of moisture, which could otherwise lead to excessive outgassing upon installation.
ETP电子倍增器核心（关键性）的倍增器电极（打拿极）的表面是由特殊配方和专用应用的氧化铝材料组成。（这种材料）即使反复暴露在周围空气中依然非常坚固稳定。ETP提供的原始包装是为长期保存而设计。倍增器被封装在双层密封塑料袋中。外层袋子包含了干燥剂层使对湿气的吸附减到最小，否则可能导致在安装时（需要）过多地脱气。

Contained in its original packaging, the shelf-life of an ETP Electron Multipliers is guaranteed for up to two years from the date of shipment. If it is necessary to store the multiplier outside its original packaging, it should be kept in a clean, dust-free, low-humidity environment, such as a glass desiccator.
ETP电子倍增器原包装的有效保存期是在发运期两年内包修（包换），如果需要保存（去除原包装的）倍增器，要保存在象玻璃干燥器这样洁净、无尘、低湿的环境中。

应助达人

Care and Handling of ETP Electron Multipliers
维护和操作电子倍增器

In order to minimize contamination, standard high-vacuum techniques are recommended when handling ETP Electron Multipliers. Clean, powder-free gloves or finger cots should be worn to prevent the transfer of skin oils to critical or mounting surfaces of the multiplier. All tools, mountings, and equipment should be thoroughly cleaned prior to coming in contact with the multiplier.
为了减少污染，在ETP电子倍增器操作时推荐使用合乎标准的高真空技术。要戴上干净无尘的手套或手指套来防止皮肤油脂污染倍增器的核心或是安装表面。所有（用到）的工具，配件和设备在接触到倍增器之前都必须彻底清洗。

Care should also be taken to minimize exposure of the multiplier to dust or other airborne contamination.
维护（操作）时要注意尽量（采取）减少将倍增器暴露在灰尘和其它空气污染（的环境中的机会）。

Dust particles within the detector may result in increased background noise during operation.
在运行期间检测器内的粉尘粒子会导致（检测的）背景噪声增加

Exposure of the multiplier to high humidity should be avoided in order to minimize outgassing during initial operation. If the multiplier exhibits excessive noise due to adsorbed moisture, this condition may be rectified by either leaving the multiplier in high vacuum for about 24 hours, or by using a simple vacuum bake procedure.
为了使启动操作的脱气（时间）达到最小，应该尽量避免将倍增器暴露于高温度（的环境中）。如果由于吸附了湿气而使倍增器出现噪音过大（的现象），需要将倍增器高真空（条件）下约24小时，或是用一个简单的真空烘烤过程。

NOTE: Most models may be backed in vacuum at up to 350℃. Some models may not be baked above 100℃. For information concerning temperature limitations, refer to the installation notes supplied with each ETP Electron Multipliers.
注意：大多数（零件）模块可以在真空下（烘烤）到350℃。一些（零件）模块不能烘烤超过100℃。关于温度限制的相关信息请参考每一个ETP电子倍增器的安装说明。

If baking must be done in atmosphere, the temperature must be limited to 120℃ (or lower than 100℃ for some models – see Note above). The multiplier should be heated and cooled slowly to avoid damage due to thermal shock.
如果烘烤要在正常大气压下，温度必须限制在120℃之内（或者一些零件模块要低于100℃-看上面的注意事项）。倍增器应该缓慢地加热和冷却以避免由于热冲击（温度激增）而损坏。

The rugged design of ETP Electron Multipliers reduces the risk of damage during handling, however, an electron multiplier is a precision component, and all reasonable care should be used when installing or removing.
ETP电子倍增器高低不平的（表面）设计减少了（手）操作期间受损的风险，无论如何，电子倍增器是个精密的部件，当安装和拆除时都应该尽可能地小心。

应助达人

Cleaning of ETP Electron Multipliers
清洗ETP电子倍增器

In normal operation it is not recommended to clean the multiplier in any way. However, if the multiplier becomes contaminated (eg, as a result of vacuum system failure) then it may be possible to clean the multiplier.
在正常操作中不推荐以任何方式清洁倍增器。可是，如果倍增器逐渐被污染（比如，由于真空系统故障而导致），则可能需要清洗倍增器。

Caution: DO NOT operate an electron multiplier suspected of being contaminated until it has first been cleaned as described overleaf. Operation of a contaminated multiplier will permanently damage the critical surfaces.
注意：在按照次页描述的（步骤）清洗之前，不要使用怀疑受污染的电子倍增器。使用受污染的倍增器将永久地损害其临界面。

Not all ETP Electron Multipliers models can be cleaned using an ultra-sonic cleaner. Check with SGE technical support to determine if your model multiplier can be cleaned.
不是所有的ETP电子倍增器（零件）模块都可以用超声波清洗。联系SGE技术支持以确定您的倍增器型号是否可以（用超声波）清洗。

If your multiplier can be cleaned, then non-polar solvents must be used. ( Heptane is a non-polar solvent).
如果您的倍增器可以清洗，则必须用非极性的溶剂。（正庚烷是非极性溶剂）

The following is the only procedure approved by SGE:
以下的内容是SGE核准的唯一程序（步骤）：

Cleaning Equipment
清洗设备
1. Ultra-sonic cleaner
超声波清洗器
2. Clean glass beaker (100mL or larger)
干净的玻璃烧杯（100 mL或更大）
3. AR- or HPLC-grade Heptane solvent
分析纯或是色谱纯正庚烷溶剂。

Cleaning Method*
清洗方法
1.Place the multiplier in the beaker and fill with Heptane until multiplier is fully immersed.
将倍增器放入烧杯中并倒入正庚烷直至浸没倍增器。
2.Place the beaker in the ultra-sonic cleaner and clean for approximately ten minutes.
将烧杯放入超声波清洗器中清洗约10分钟。
3.Dispose of solvent in an appropriate manner and refill the beaker.
以适当的方式去除溶剂并再次加满烧杯。
4.Repeat steps 1-3 a further 2 times.
重复1-3步至少2次。
5.Remove the multiplier from the beaker and allow to dry at room temperature.
从烧杯中取出倍增器在室温下晾干。
6. Bake the multiplier for three hours in air at 100℃.
把倍增器置于100℃下3小时（常压下）。

* Check with SGE technical support before proceeding.
在处理之前和SGE技术支持联系（确认）。

应助达人

Installing and Operating ETP Electron Multipliers
安装和操作ETP电子倍增器

ETP Electron Multipliers generally require no preconditioning, however, when first installed, it is recommended that applied voltage not exceed 2200V for the first 24 hours of operation. For fast Time-Of-Flight multipliers with model numbers between 14870 and 14899, the voltage limit is 3200V.
ETP电子倍增器通常不需要预处理，然而，当第一次安装时，推荐在开始操作的前24小时外加电压不要超过2200V。型号为14870-14899之间的快速飞行时间倍增器，电压限制到3200V。

Multiplier leads should be positioned for a minimum clearance of 3mm between any lead and any other part of the multiplier mount or vacuum chamber.
倍增器导线必须与任何导线和倍增器支架或是真空室其它任何部分保持3mm的最小间隙。

The multiplier should be mounted so that there are no sharp objects in close proximity to the entrance aperture. This condition could result in noise during operation.
倍增器要安装（牢靠），因此不能有尖锐的物体与入缝隙很接近，这会导致在操作中（产生）噪音。

Operating pressure should be as low as possible for best lifetime and minimum noise. To avoid risk of damage due to discharge or arcing, the multiplier should not be operated at a pressure in excess of 1×10^-4mbar X.
（真空）控制压力应该尽可能低，以便（达到）最好的使用寿命和最小的（仪器）噪音。为了避免由于放电或电弧作用而损害的风险，倍增器不要在超过1×10^-4毫巴倍（真空）压力下工作。

应助达人

Obtaining Optimum Lifetime from ETP Electron Multipliers
获得最佳使用寿命的ETP电子倍增器

The gain of a correctly installed electron multiplier will fall very gradually over time, requiring the applied voltage to be periodically increased. This is a normal part of the multiplier aging process. Total operational life varies depending on application and may be affected by a number of factors:
随着时间的流逝，正确安装的电子倍增器的增益会渐渐下降，需要周期性地增加外加电压。这是倍增器正常老化过程的一部分。总的使用期限因使用和其它若干影响因素的不同而不同。

Operating Environment:
操作（运行）环境

Lower operating pressure and lower partial pressure of hydrocarbons in the vacuum chamber will result in increased operational life, all other conditions remaining the same.
在所有其它条件保持一致的情况下，真空室里低的工作压力和碳氢化合物的低分压能延长使用期限。

Operating Gain:
运行增益

Operation should always be at the lowest applied voltage consistent with good signal acquisition. In general, the lower the gain, the longer the life of the multiplier.
应该在与好的信号获得相对应的尽可能低的外加电压条件下操作。通常（外加电压）增加的越小，倍增器的寿命越长。

Output Current:
输出电流

Multiplier lifetime is inversely proportional to average output current. Excessive input signals should be avoided, especially when operating at high gain.
倍增器使用寿命与平均输出电流成反比。要避免过高的输入信号（比如信号饱和吧），特别是当在高增益下操作。

Rapid degradation of multiplier performance may result from failure of the vacuum pumping system. This may result in severe contamination of the detector or damage due to arcing caused by the sudden increase in chamber pressure. If vacuum failure occurs, the multiplier should be cleaned before being operated again. Degradation caused by vacuum failure may be permanent and irreversible, especially if the multiplier high voltage was ON during the vacuum failure.
真空系统故障能导致倍增器性能的迅速降低。迅速增加的（真空）腔压引起的电弧能导致检测被严重污染或损坏。真空故障导致的（性能）退化是永久性的和不可逆的，特别是当倍增器高电压处于开的状态下（发生）真空故障时。

NOTE: Due to the wide variety of applications and environmental conditions within instruments, there is no warranty on the operational lifetime of any electron multiplier.
注意：由于仪器内完全不同的应用和环境条件，所有的电子倍增器的使用寿命（厂家）都没有提供担保。

For technical or ordering information contact your nearest ETP or SGE office or visit
技术和订购信息请联系您最近的ETP或SGE机构或访问以下网址：
www.etpsci.com.

不错的信息！不错看起来楼主用的是Agilent还是岛津的MS？

应助达人

岛津GCMSQP2010

应助达人

安捷伦也用的是SGE的ETP电子倍增器？