事实上,即使是那些非常有经验的PCR技术员,在上述操作时出现失误或者不准确时,也会获得难以反映生物学真相的数据【参考:Taylor, S., Buchanan, M., and Basik, M. (2011) A MIQE Case Study—Effect of RNA Sample Quality and Reference Gene Stability on Gene Expression Data. Bio-Rad tech note 6245. ; Lanoix, D., Lacasse, A-A, St-Pierre, J., Taylor, SC, Ethier-Chiasson, M., Lafond, J. and Vaillancourt, C. (2012)】 比如,在用qPCR分析非正常状态下(比如怀孕、疾病)胎盘里某些基因的表达稳定性,学者们采用18sRNA、GAPDH和b-actin这些为人们常用的内参基因来nomalization时,虽然能获得一些符合预期的结果,但是也有不少结果和预期设想背道而驰。实际上,我们许多lab的学生和技术员在抽提RNA只关注RNA的260/280比值,而忽视RNA的完整性。事实上,就胎盘组织而言,在样品处理过程中,大约有20%的RNA会严重降解。因此,对RNA的完整性进行测定,会提高qPCR结果的准确性和可靠性。
内参基因的选择对于获得准确的结果也很重要。学者发现,HPRT在人类组织中表达量甚低,因此只适合在检测在人类组织中表达量比较低的组织中用作内参。此外发现,GAPDH and ACTB, genes most frequently used for normalization, were heavily regulated during HCC carcinogenesis and progression. B2M expression levels varied with hepatitis infection status. The combination of HPRT and TBP expression levels were the most stable, regardless of differences in tumor stage and cirrhotic and malignancy status.