(综述)电子显微分析技术在高分子材料中的应用 Applications of Electron Microscopy for Polymers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 摘要 透射电子显微镜(TEM)已经逐渐成为材料研究领域最重要的成像和表征手段之一。这篇综述主要介绍了近年来出现的几种电子显微分析技术,并结合高分子聚合物材料的特点列举了这些技术在实际研究中的应用。这些技术包括:高分辨透镜(HRTEM)成像,扫描透镜(STEM)成像,能量过滤透镜(EFTEM)成像以及电子能量损失谱(EELS)分析。综合运用这些成像和分析工具,可以更全面了解高分子材料在各个微观尺度下的性质。 Abstract The transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) has been used extensively as one of the most versatile and powerful tools for materials characterization. This review highlights important development of several microscopy and analysis techniques in the field of polymers. These techniques include High Resolution TEM (HRTEM), Scanning TEM (STEM), Energy Filtered TEM (EFTEM), and Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy (EELS). By combining multiple microscopy techniques, we are able to gain a better understanding of polymers properties in various scales. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1. 前言 从Ernst Ruska在1931年发明了第一台透射电子显微镜(TEM)开始,电子显微分析已逐渐成为材料科学领域特别是材料微观表征的重要方法之一。经过80多年的发展,现代透射电镜在传统的TEM模式之外又相继衍生出了高分辨(HRTEM)和扫描透射(STEM)两种不同的电子成像模式。结合附加的X射线能谱仪(EDS)和电子损失能谱仪(EELS)等,TEM又可以拓展为功能强大的结合了成像和化学分析能力的分析级电子显微镜(AEM)。近20年来TEM和相应的成像分析技术都得到了长足的进步,在分辨率已经突破亚埃级(<0.5埃=0.05纳米)的基础上又陆续发展出冷冻电镜 (Cryo-TEM) ,三维成像 (Tomography) ,低电压电镜(LVEM),能量过滤电镜 (EFTEM) 等新兴技术。伴随着这些新技术的发展,TEM的应用领域也不仅仅局限于传统的硬材料(金属,半导体,陶瓷等)而是一直延伸到各种软材料(高分子,生物和复合材料)(参见5)。这篇综述简要介绍了各种显微分析技术的特点和原理,针对高分子样品的制备手段并介绍了各种分析手段在实际研究中的应用。
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