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【资料】互溶的溶剂

分析化学

  • 互溶的溶剂

    在用混合溶剂进行重结晶的时候,如果溶剂之间的互溶性不好,在加入不良溶剂的时候,溶液会分层,而样品会留在良溶剂中。

    经常使用乙醇和水这个搭配,因为乙醇能溶解许多有机物,并且乙醇能与水无限混溶。在乙醇中加入水,可以急剧的降低许多有机物在乙醇中的溶解度,因此可以用来进行重结晶。当然,有机溶剂相互之间的搭配也是常使用的。

    可以依据相似性原理来选择溶剂。含羟基的化合物,可以选择水,甲醇,乙醇,乙酸,丙酮为良溶剂。当然,良溶剂的相似性不能太高,否则重结晶损失较大。如果杂质的极性较小,就可以选择极性较小的不良溶剂,比如醚,烷烃类。

    三组分以上的混合溶剂的选择余地更大,甲醇、异丙醚、石油醚,也可以搭配使用。



    下面的列表摘自Purification of Purification of Laboratory Chemicals第四版,该列表没有提到乙酸乙酯和石油醚的互溶性,不过许多化合物,也是可以用这个搭配。

    Acetic acid: with chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methyl cyanide, petroleum ether, or water.

    Acetone: with benzene, butyl acetate, butyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, ethanol,

    Ammonia: with ethanol, methanol, pyridine.

    Aniline: with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, n-heptane, methanol, methyl cyanide or

    nitrobenzene.

    Benzene: with acetone, butyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, cyclohexane, ethanol, methyl

    cyanide, petroleum ether or pyridine.

    Butyl alcohol: with acetone or ethyl acetate.

    Carbon disulphide: with petroleum ether.

    Carbon tetrachloride: with cyclohexane.

    Chloroform: with acetic acid, acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol or pyridine.

    Cyclohexane: with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethanol or ethyl ether.

    Dimethyl formamide: with benzene, ethanol or ether.

    Dimethyl sulphoxide: with acetone, benzene, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl ether or water.

    Dioxane: with benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl ether, pet. ether, pyridine or water.

    Ethanol: with acetic acid, acetone, benzene, chloroform, cyclohexane, dioxane, ethyl ether, pentane, toluene, water or xylene.

    Ethyl acetate: with acetic acid, acetone, butyl alcohol, chloroform, or methanol.

    Ethyl ether: with acetone, cyclohexane, ethanol, methanol, methylal, methyl cyanide, pentane or pet.ether.

    Glycerol: with ethanol, methanol or water.

    Hexane: with benzene, chloroform or ethanol.

    Methanol: with chloroform, ethyl ether, glycerol or water.

    Methylal: with ethyl ether.

    Methyl ethyl ketone: with acetic acid, benzene, ethanol or methanol.

    Nitrobenzene: with aniline, methanol or methyl cyanide.

    Pentane: with ethanol or ethyl ether.

    Petroleum ether: with acetic acid, acetone, benzene, carbon disulphide or ethyl ether.

    Phenol: with carbon tetrachloride, ethanol, ethyl ether or xylene.

    Pyridine: with acetone, ammonia, benzene, chloroform, dioxane, petroleum ether, toluene or water.

    Toluene: with ethanol, ethyl ether or pyridine.

    Water: with acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, methanol, or pyridine.

    Xylene: with ethanol or phenol.

    ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, methyl cyanide, petroleum ether or water.

    toluene, water or xylene.

    互溶表

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  • panxiaojun

    第2楼2007/02/27

    感谢楼主,以收藏

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  • philomena

    第4楼2007/02/27

    楼主辛苦啦,感谢。已下载。

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  • love7099

    第7楼2007/02/28

    十分感谢,这对我们的工作很有参考价值!

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  • alan1008

    第8楼2007/03/25

    非常感谢,有用啊

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  • 百年树人

    第10楼2008/03/25

    感谢LZ的好资料

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  • 江南烟雨中孤独的狼

    第12楼2010/04/15

    难得的老资料翻出来了

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