省部重点实验室
第1楼2013/03/05
You can then start writing, with some assurance that much of your prose will be used.
然后，你就可以开始动笔写，注意你写的这些大多将用于正文。
The key to efficient use of your and my time is that we start exchanging outlines and proposals as early in a project as possible. Do not, under any circumstances, wait until the collection of data is “complete” before starting to write an outline. No project is ever complete, and it saves enormous effort and much time to propose a plausible paper and outline as soon as you see the basic structure of a project. Even if we decide to do significant additional work before seriously organizing a paper, the effort of writing an outline will have helped to guide the research.
合理使用我们的时间的关键是，我们应尽可能早地交换提纲和建议。在任何情况下，都不要等到你已经收集“全”了数据之后才开始动笔写提纲。研究是永无止境的。当你看到你的结果初具雏形时，就要立即开始准备构思文章和提纲，这将节省你很多的精力和时间。即便在认真组织成文前，我们已经决定补做重要的其他实验，试着写一个提纲也一定对研究有指导意义。
The outline
提纲
What should an outline contain?
提纲需要包括哪些内容？
Title:
Authors:
Abstract: Do not write an abstract. That can be done when the paper is complete.
标题：
作者：
摘要：不要着急写摘要，可以等文章写完后再写。
Introduction: The first paragraph or two should be written out completely. Pay particular attention to the opening sentence. Ideally, it should state concisely the objective of the work, and indicate why this objective is important.
引言：文章的第1或2段应该完全用来写引言。要特别注意写好开头一句话。最好是简洁地陈述工作的目的，并指明该工作为什么重要。
In general, the Introduction should have these elements:
The objectives of the work.
The justification for these objectives: Why is the work important?
Background: Who else has done what? How? What have we done previously?
Guidance to the reader. What should the reader watch for in the paper? What are the interesting high points? What strategy did we use?
一般而言，引言应该包含以下几个要素：
工作目的。
对工作目的评价：该工作为什么很重要？
工作背景：谁做了什么工作？做得怎么样？以前我们做了哪些工作？
导读：读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？有意义的要点有哪些？我们用到了哪些策略？
Summary conclusion. What should the reader expect as conclusion? In advanced versions of the outline, you should also include all the sections that will go in the Experimental section (at this point, just as paragraph subheadings).
总结结论。读者期望什么样的结论呢？在提纲的前几个版本中，你应该包括实验部分中涉及到的所有内容。（在这一点上，就像是段落的副标题）。
Results and Discussion. The results and discussion are usually combined. This section should be organized according to major topics. The separate parts should have subheadings in boldface to make this organization clear, and to help the reader scan through the final text to find the parts that interest him or her. The following list includes examples of the phrases that might plausibly serve as section headings:
结果和讨论。通常，结论和讨论是合在一起的。这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。下面列举一些适合作副标题的短语：
Synthesis of Alkane Thiols
烷基硫醇的合成
Characterization of Monolayers
单层膜的表征
Absolute Configuration of the Vicinal Diol Unit
邻二醇单元的绝对构像
Hysteresis Correlates with Roughness of the Surface
滞后现象与表面粗糙度的关系
Dependence of the Rate Constant on Temperature
温度对速率常数的影响
The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with the Polarity of the Solvent
自交换速率随溶剂极化度而降低
Try to make these section headings as specific and information-rich as possible. For example, the phrase “The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Polarity of The Solvent” is obviously longer than “Measurement of Rates,” but much more useful to the reader. In general, try to cover the major common points:
尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富。例如，“The Rate of Self-Exchange Decreases with The Polarity of The Solvent”这个短语明显比“Measurement of Rates”长，但是对读者更有帮助。一般来说，尽量概括该段落的共同点。
Synthesis of starting materials
初始材料的合成
Characterization of products
产物的表征
Methods of characterization
表征方法
Methods of measurement
测量方法
Results (rate constants, contact angles, whatever)
结果（速率常数，接触角，其它）
In the outline, do not write any significant amount of text, but get all the data in their proper place: any text should simply indicate what will go in that section.
Section Headings
Figures (with captions)
Schemes (with captions and footnotes)
Equations
Tables (correctly formatted)
在提纲中，不要罗列大量的正文内容，而是要给出数据应放的合适位置：任何正文应该简明地指出那段中包括了什么数据。
副标题
图表（附说明）
示意图（附说明和注解）
方程
表格（正确格式化的）
Remember to think of a paper as a collection of experimental results, summarized as clearly and economically as possible in figures, tables, equations, and schemes. The text in the paper serves just to explain the data, and is secondary. The more information that can be compressed into tables, equations, etc., the shorter and more readable the paper will be.
记住把文章看作实验结果的集合，并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表，表格，方程和示意图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的，因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格，方程等的信息越多，文章越短，越易读。
Conclusion. In the outline, summarize the conclusions of the paper as a list of short phrases or sentences. Do not repeat what is in the Results section, unless special emphasis is needed. The Conclusions section should be just that, and not a summary. It should add a new, higher level of analysis, and should indicate explicitly the significance of the work.
结论。在提纲里，总结论文中的结论应是由一些简短的短语或句子组成。除非是为了特殊的强调，一般不要重复在结果部分已经有的结论。结论部分应该是像上面说的那样，而不仅仅只是一个总结。它应该增加新的，更高层次的分析，并且应该明确地指出这项工作的意义。
Experimental. Include, in the correct order to correspond to the order in the Results section, all of the paragraph subheadings of the Experimental section.
实验部分。包括所有实验部分的副标题，顺序与结果部分要相对应。
In summary:
总结：
- Start writing possible outlines for papers early in a project. Do not wait until the “end”. The end may never come.
在一个项目开始时，就应该着手去写可能的论文提纲，而不要等到论文结束的时候。研究可能永远没有结尾可言。
- Organize the outline and the paper around easily assimilated data - tables, equations, figures, schemes - rather than around text.
整理提纲和论文要围绕易于接受的数据-表格，方程式，图表，示意图，而不是围绕正文。
省部重点实验室
第2楼2013/03/05
- Organize in order of importance, not in chronological order. An important detail in writing paper concerns the weight to be given to topics. Neophytes often organize a paper in terms of chronology: that is, they recount their experimental program, starting with their cherished initial failures and leading up to a climactic successful finale. This approach is completely wrong. Start with the most important results, and put the secondary results later, if at all. The reader usually does not care how you arrived at your big results, only what they are. Shorter papers are easier to read than longer ones.
不是按照时间顺序, 而应按重要性来整理。论文写作的一个重要细节是要考虑各部分的权重。新手常常按照时间顺序来写论文：他们常常从珍爱的开始时的失败写起，直到最后的成功来叙述实验过程。这种方法是完全错误的。应该从最重要的结果写起，然后是较重要的结果。读者们通常不关心你是怎么得到的结果，而只关心结果是什么。短文章比长文章更易读。
Some Points of English Style
英文文体上的一些要点：
1) Do not use nouns as adjectives:
不要将名词误用为副词：
不合适的： 正确的：
ATP formation formation of ATP
生成ATP
reaction product product of the reaction
反应产物
2) The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit
在“this”后面必须接名词，这样“this”所指的对象就会更加清楚。
不合适的： 正确的：
this is a fast reaction this reaction is fast
这是一个快反应
this leads us to conclude this observation leads us to conclude
这个观察结果使我们推断出
3) Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense.
描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。
不合适的： 正确的：
Addition of water gives product addition of water gave product
加水后生成产物
4) Use the active voice whenever possible.
尽可能使用主动语态。
不合适的： 正确的：
It was observed that the solution turned red. The solution turned red Or We observed that the solution turned red.
溶液变成了红色。或， 我们观察到溶液变成了红色。
5) Complete all comparisons.
所有的比较都应该是完整的。
不合适的： 正确的：
The yield was higher using bromine The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.
用溴比用氯时产出率高。
6) Type all papers double-spaced (not single-or one-and-a-half spaced), and leave 1 space after colons, commas, and after periods at the end of sentences. Leave generous margins. (generally, 1.25” on both sides & top & bottom).
打文章时，要使用两倍行距（不用一倍或一倍半）。冒号、逗号和句末的句号后要空一格。要留出足够的页边空间。（通常，在文章两侧、页首和页尾留出1.25英寸的空间）
Assume that we will write all papers using the style of the American Chemical Society. You can get a good idea of this style from three sources:
仪器信息网“仪友会”招募令
科学仪器品牌联合“仪器心得”征文活动
【生活中的仪器检测】有奖征文
LC-MS实验瓶颈的突破与优化
