1 Cizmar, P, Vladár, A. V., Ming, B. and Postek, M. T. “Simulated SEM Images for Resolution Measurement,” SCANNING 30:381-391, (2008)
2 Cizmar, P., Vladar, A. E., and Postek, M. T. “Optimization of Accurate SEM imaging by use of artificial images,”SCANNING/SPIE Proceedings 7378:737815-1 – 737815-6, (2009)3 Postek, M. T., and Vladar, A., “Modeling for Accurate Dimensional Scanning Electron Microscope Metrology: Then and Now,” SCANNING 33: 111-125 (2011)
4 Postek, M. T., Vladar, A. E. Lowney, J., Larrabee, R. D. and Keery, W. J., Two-Dimensional Simulation and Modeling in Scanning Electron Microscope Imaging and Metrology Research,” SCANNING 24:179-185, (2002).
5 Postek, M. T., “Critical Issues in Scanning Electron Microscope Metrology,” NIST J. Res. 99(5): (1994).
6 Cizmar, P., Vladar, A. E. and Postek, M. T. “Advances in modeling of scanning charged particle microscopy images,”SPIE Proceedings 7729 77290Z -1 – 9, (2010).
5 其他漂移失真校正方法
已经开发了几种校正方法来补偿上述的一些影响。在类似于扫描粒子束显微镜的领域中,例如原子力显微镜7-8,已经进行了校正时间相关漂移失真的工作。此外,Sutton等人已经发表了关于SEM中漂移失真评估和校正的研究9-11。这些文章中描述的技术涵盖了具有缓慢漂移的图像中的校正,并且通常在宽水平视场下,总成像时间很长,达到几十分钟,放大倍数不超过10,000倍。在信噪比(SNR)可能降至5 x 10-1 以下的情况下,仍然需要用于高度缩小的水平视场、非常快速的SEM图像扫描或其他粒子束仪器(扫描氦离子束显微镜或聚焦离子束显微镜)的技术。下面描述了一种解决方案。
7 Mantooth, B. A., Donhauser, Z. J., Kelly, K. F., and Weiss, P. S., “Cross-correlation image tracking for drift correctionand adsorbate analysis,” Review of Scientific Instruments, 73(2, Part 1):313–317 (2002).
8 “Drift and spatial distortion elimination in atomic force microscopyimages by the digital image correlation technique,” J. Strain Analysis for Eng Design, (2008).
9 Sutton, M. A. Metrology in a scanning electron microscope: theoretical developments and experimental validation. MEASUREMENT SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY, 17(10):2613–2622 (2006).
10 Sutton, M. A.“Scanning electron microscopy for quantitative small and large deformation measurements – Part II: Experimental validation for magnifi cations from 200 to 10,000,” Exp. Mech. (2007).
11 Sutton, M.A. “Scanning electron microscopy for quantitative small andlarge deformation measurements Part I: SEM imaging at magnifications from 200 to 10,000,” Exp. Mech. 47(6):775–787(2007).
12 Cizmar, P., Vladar, A., and Postek, M. T. “Real-time scanning charged particle microscope image composition with correction of drift,” Microsc. Microanal. 17:302-308, (2011).
13 Cizmar, P., Vladar, A., and Postek, M. T. “Advanced Image composition intra-frame drift correction” Proc. SPIE 8036:803680360D-1–80360D-5 (2011).
ACCORD技术可以成功补偿粒子束仪器的漂移和振动。ACCORD 属于免费软件,是用 C 语言编写的计算机程序。由于大多数现代粒子束仪器的硬件都足以支持 ACCORD,因此C语言具有快速融入SEM管理软件。使用速度相当快的计算机,该程序能够进行实时处理。该算法可随时发布,因此适合在计算机集群、多核或多处理器环境(包括图形处理单元)中运行。该方法已在SEM图像上进行了验证,证明了其在真实形状成像和漂移研究应用中的可用性。
参考资料: Postek M T ,András E. Vladár, Cizmar P .Does your SEM really tell the truth? How would you know? part 3: vibration and drift[C]//SPIE Scanning Microscopies.International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.DOI:10.1117/12.2195344.来源于老千和他的朋友们,作者孙千