去年冬天
第1楼2010/11/18
U.S.House of Representatives Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.“Food from China: Can We Import Safely?” Staff Trip Report. October 4,2007. 2.
美国代表团关注到的若干问题:
中国的食品供应链并没有达到国际标准的要求,其内部的食品中毒问题非常严重;
中国政府非常重视出口食品的安全保障问题,因为出口食品一旦发生安全事故,就会波及整个“中国制造”产品的声誉;
中国食品安全官方监管缺乏整合性,例如农产品生产和食品加工两个阶段之间的整合;此外中国内部文件造假非常严重,一些出口企业和美国本土企业合作走私不符合质量标准的食品,对此,中美国之间口岸的监管和实验室检测都已经加强。
Itwould appear that the Chinese food supply chain does not meetinternational safety standards. It is, in fact, responsible for veryserious domestic Chinese food poisoning outbreaks. The ChineseGovernment appears determined to avoid embarrassing food safetyoutbreaks in export markets due to the damaging and potentially lastingeffect this would have upon their “Made in China” branding. The lack ofmeaningful internal regulation of farming and food processing in China,the advanced development of the document counterfeiting industry, andthe willingness of some entrepreneurs in both China and the UnitedStates to smuggle foodstuffs that do meet quality standards,necessitates a much more vigorous program of inspection and laboratorytesting in China and at U.S. ports of entry than the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) has been able or willing to pursue to date.
客观看待中美食品贸易:食品安全问题不能仅仅针对中国进口食品
对美国而言,最大的食品进口来源于墨西哥而不是中国,在进口食品中被拒率最高的是印度食品,而且,就去年发生的食品中毒实事件而言,多数的问题食品都是美国本土制造。
Chinais a large and rapidly growing source of food for the Americanconsumer, but it is not the largest source of imports from thedeveloping world—that honor belongs to Mexico. India’s food itemimports are rejected as unfit for human consumption at our borders moreoften than Chinese imports. Moreover, the most serious outbreaks ofhuman food poisoning cases in America last year originated within theUnited States.
中国食品安全监管无力的一个原因:鞭长莫及
企业规模中中小型企业过多,另外还有家庭作坊等模式的存在,即便地方政府的监管对此也无法到位
Committeestaff was told that there are now hundreds of millions of privatefarms, many no larger than a basketball court. Food produced in a localarea is gathered by “factors”—or intermediaries—and funneled into aprocessing industry that is also largely composed of very small,family-based operations. The Chinese Government has minimal ability,even at the local level, to monitor food production activities in orderto ensure product safety.
对于三聚氰胺类似事件的客观分析:逐利性
对于农民而言,农业是其主要的收入来源,因此,其所关注的就是如何才能生产更多的农产品而不是生产出来的产品是否因为化学药物的使用而变得不安全了。然而,即便农民意识到了这个问题,外界对于价格需求等的因素也为使得他尽可能地降低成本而不是提高质量。
Ina system where a crop’s failure is catastrophic for a farmer’s economicsurvival, it is understandable that a farmer’s priority would not be toensure that the agricultural chemicals used are without safety orhealth consequences, even if the farmer is aware of the adverse healthconsequences. Similarly, when outside forces place steady downwardpressure on prices, to discover that a chemical such as melamine hadbeen added during processing to artificially inflate the proteincontent levels of wheat gluten or animal feed, should not come as asurprise.
农业部就农产品监管的利益冲突性:中国农业部即负责农产品的生产同时也要确保农产品的质量
TheMinistry of Agriculture establishes the standards for Chinese farms tomeet for control of both chemical residues and pathogens.Domestically,the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for farm produce andlivestock throughout the chain
地方责任的到位:既要对本地方登记注册的食品生产商进行监管确认其产品的安全性,同时对于辖区内所有的生产商都要进行监督。从而防止责任的推脱。
中国把经济增长放在第一位,这使得地方政府,尤其是偏远地区在管辖区内过于重视经济问题,即便没有明确,在实践发展当地的经济也是政府的首选目标。
Anotherexplained that local authorities report to the local Communist Party,not to Beijing, and that economic growth is the first priority of theParty. Clearly, the economic problems of the rural areas of China areof such a magnitude that even if the Party did not have as a goal suchgrowth, it would still be the most logical priority
去年冬天
第2楼2010/11/18
中国政府在采访中的回应:
中国出口美国食品的安全率超过了百分之九十九,这不仅高于美国出口到中国的食品安全率,同时在中美贸易中遇到的食品安全问题也可能是把食品安全问题作为了贸易弊端。另外,西方媒体,尤其是美国媒体对于中国安全和质量的报道有诸多失实的地方,不仅负面报道居多,而且往往夸大其词。
中美食品检测认证的互认问题:
中国针对出国食品由质监局检测认证,然而对这一体系,FDA并没有认可,因此未经质监局检测认证的食品同样可以进入美国市场。对此,产生的问题是未经监测认证的食品是非法出口食品,因此一旦流入美国市场,其所造成的食品安全问题,应该由美国自行承担责任,而不是指责中国的监管不力。
中国对外承认:内部市场销售的水产品和出口水产品的检测标准是不一样的
中国食品安全监管的可信度:官方的描述无法让外国观察者信服,但主要问题是在地方上而不是国家层面
最后,中国香港的食品安全监管不同于大陆体系,简单来说香港人吃得比大陆人更为得健康,对此,回到文章开头的一个自省:就食品安全而言,国家给你提供了保障,但是你或者我处在了那个安全级别上?有钱固然能让你得到更多的安全保障,例如选择有机食品,但问题是食品安全监管是政府的职责所在,我们为什么要自己买单?而就算我们选择了有机食品,可问题是国内的有机食品有有多少的可信度?对此,政府不是唯一需要担起责任的利益相关着。既然人人都是食品的消费者,保障食品安全自然人人有责,但问题是:作为生产商,加工商,销售商,研究人员,政府监管人员,检测人员,甚至消费者本身,你是否进到了应尽的责任?